---
title: offence — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «offence» in the Judaism dictionary: An offence is a crime or an act that breaks a law or rule. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# offence

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** offence, act, someone, players, polite phrase, you · **What happens:** be, break, insult, say, do, attack · **To what, where:** crime, law, feeling, team, polite phrase, someone · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«offence» in the Judaism dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 10 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [offence in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/offence.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An offence is a crime or an act that breaks a law or rule.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offence:m1:1
# text = An offence is a crime or an act that breaks a law or rule.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	offence	offence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	crime	crime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	act	act	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	breaks	break	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	rule	rule	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a offence | a crime or a act |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **break** | present | a act | a law or rule |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer law=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Offence is the feeling of being upset or insulted by what someone says or does.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offence:m2:1
# text = Offence is the feeling of being upset or insulted by what someone says or does.
1	Offence	offence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	feeling	feeling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	cop	_	_
7	upset	upset	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	nmod	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	insulted	insult	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	conj	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	9	obl	_	_
12	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	13	nsubj	_	_
13	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	acl:relcl	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	does	do	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Offence | the feeling |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | upset *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **insult** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | someone |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **do** | present | someone *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: US «offense», sport — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The offence is the team or players who are attacking and trying to score.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offence:m3:1
# text = The offence is the team or players who are attacking and trying to score.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	offence	offence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	players	player	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
8	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
9	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	attacking	attack	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	acl:relcl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	trying	try	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	conj	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	score	score	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the offence | the team or players |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **attack** | present · progressive | players |  |  |  |  |  | vn attack-60.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **try** | gerund | players *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn try-61.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 4 | **score** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | players *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"No offence" is a polite phrase that asks someone not to be upset by what you are about to say.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offence:m4:1
# text = "No offence" is a polite phrase that asks someone not to be upset by what you are about to say.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	No	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	3	det	_	_
3	offence	offence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	polite	polite	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	phrase	phrase	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	asks	ask	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
11	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	10	obj	_	_
12	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	15	advmod	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
14	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	cop	_	_
15	upset	upset	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	parataxis	_	_
16	by	by	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	15	obl	_	_
18	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
19	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	cop	_	_
20	about	about	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	acl:relcl	_	_
21	to	to	PART	TO	_	22	mark	_	_
22	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | no offence | a polite phrase |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **ask** *speech: ask* | present | a polite phrase |  | someone |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent someone=Recipient |
| 3 | **not** **is** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | upset *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **is** | present | you |  |  |  |  | about *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **say** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
If the spirit of the ruler rise up against thee, leave not thy place; for gentleness allayeth great offences. (Writings ECC.10.4, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* If the spirit of the ruler rise up against thee, leave not thy place; for gentleness allayeth great offences.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offence:x1:1
# text = If the spirit of the ruler rise up against thee, leave not thy place; for gentleness allayeth great offences.
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	spirit	spirit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	ruler	ruler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	rise	rise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	advcl	_	_
8	up	up	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	_
9	against	against	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
12	leave	leave	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	12	advmod	_	_
14	thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	19	punct	_	_
17	for	for	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	gentleness	gentleness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
19	allayeth	allay	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	advcl	_	_
20	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	offences	offence	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rise up** *a condition, not said to happen* | infinitive | the spirit of the ruler |  |  | thee |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent against thou=Location |
| 2 | **not** **leave** | imperative | you *not said here* | thy place |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent place=Theme |
| 3 | **allay** | present | you *not said here* | great offences |  |  |  | for gentleness | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings ECC.10.4, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offence:x1:2
# text = (Writings ECC.10.4, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	ECC.10.4	ECC.10.4	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
that this shall be no stumbling-block unto thee, nor offence of heart unto my lord, either that thou hast shed blood without cause, or that my lord hath found redress for himself. (Prophets 1SA.25.31, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* that this shall be no stumbling-block unto thee, nor offence of heart unto my lord, either that thou hast shed blood without cause, or that my lord hath found redress for himself.

<!-- fold The tree, 33 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offence:x2:1
# text = that this shall be no stumbling-block unto thee, nor offence of heart unto my lord, either that thou hast shed blood without cause, or that my lord hath found redress for himself.
1	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
2	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	8	nsubj	_	_
3	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	cop	_	_
5	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	8	det	_	_
6	stumbling	stumbling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	block	block	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	nor	nor	CCONJ	CC	Polarity=Neg	13	cc	_	_
13	offence	offence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
16	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	lord	lord	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
20	either	either	CCONJ	CC	_	35	cc:preconj	_	_
21	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
22	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	23	nsubj	_	_
23	hast	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	35	advcl	_	_
24	shed	shed	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	25	amod	_	_
25	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obj	_	_
26	without	without	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	cause	cause	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
29	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
30	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	34	mark	_	_
31	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	32	nmod:poss	_	_
32	lord	lord	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	nsubj	_	_
33	hath	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	34	aux:pass	_	_
34	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	35	amod	_	_
35	redress	redress	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
36	for	for	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
37	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	35	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | shall | this | no stumbling block nor offence of heart unto my lord either found redress for lord |  |  |  | unto thee | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** | present | thou | shed blood |  |  |  | without cause | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent blood=Patient |
| 3 | **shed** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Source |
| 4 | **find** | present · passive |  | my lord |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |
| 5 | **offend** |  |  | heart |  |  |  | unto my lord | nom offence «act transitive»: of=patient unto=obl |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets 1SA.25.31, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offence:x2:2
# text = (Prophets 1SA.25.31, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	1SA.25.31	1SA.25.31	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod:unmarked	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And He shall be for a sanctuary; but for a stone of stumbling and for a rock of offence to both the houses of Israel, for a gin and for a snare to the inhabitants of Jerusalem. (Prophets ISA.8.14, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* And He shall be for a sanctuary; but for a stone of stumbling and for a rock of offence to both the houses of Israel, for a gin and for a snare to the inhabitants of Jerusalem.

<!-- fold The tree, 37 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offence:x3:1
# text = And He shall be for a sanctuary; but for a stone of stumbling and for a rock of offence to both the houses of Israel, for a gin and for a snare to the inhabitants of Jerusalem.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
2	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
3	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	cop	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	sanctuary	sanctuary	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
9	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
13	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
14	stumbling	stumble	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	12	acl	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
16	for	for	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	offence	offence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	_
21	to	to	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	both	both	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc:preconj	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	houses	house	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	Israel	Israel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
28	for	for	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	gin	gin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
32	for	for	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
33	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	snare	snare	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	conj	_	_
35	to	to	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
36	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
37	inhabitants	inhabitant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	34	nmod	_	_
38	of	of	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
39	Jerusalem	Jerusalem	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	37	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | shall | He |  |  |  |  | for a sanctuary but a stone | tree rules |
| 2 | **stumble** | gerund | a stone *not said here* |  |  | the houses of Israel |  | for a gin and a snare to the inhabitants of Jerusalem | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme to house=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets ISA.8.14, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offence:x3:2
# text = (Prophets ISA.8.14, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	ISA.8.14	ISA.8.14	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dropping litter is an offence in many towns.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offence:x4:1
# text = Dropping litter is an offence in many towns.
1	Dropping	drop	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	csubj	_	_
2	litter	litter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	offence	offence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	towns	town	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drop** | gerund |  | litter |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent litter=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Dropping | a offence |  | many towns |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is an offence to drive without a licence.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offence:x5:1
# text = It is an offence to drive without a licence.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	offence	offence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	drive	drive	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	acl	_	_
7	without	without	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	licence	licence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | It | a offence |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **drive** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | without a licence | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
No offence, but I don't like your hat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offence:x6:1
# text = No offence, but I don't like your hat.
1	No	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	2	det	_	_
2	offence	offence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:outer	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
4	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
5	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
6	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	like	like	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
9	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	hat	hat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **like** | present · do-support | no offence | your hat |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot hat=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She took offence at his rude joke.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offence:x7:1
# text = She took offence at his rude joke.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	offence	offence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	joke	joke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | She | offence |  | his rude joke |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.source NP.asset»: agent=Agent offence=Theme at joke=Asset |
| 2 | **joke** |  | his *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom joke «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Since it was his first offence, he only got a warning.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offence:x8:1
# text = Since it was his first offence, he only got a warning.
1	Since	since	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
2	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	6	amod	_	_
6	offence	offence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	only	only	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	warning	warning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | it | his first offence |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **get** | past | he | a warning |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer warning=Stimulus |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our team's offence scored three touchdowns. (US)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Our team's offence scored three touchdowns.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offence:x9:1
# text = Our team's offence scored three touchdowns.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	offence	offence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	scored	score	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	touchdowns	touchdown	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **score** | past | Our team's offence | three touchdowns |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent touchdown=Theme |
| 2 | **offend** |  | Our team |  |  |  |  |  | nom offence «act transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (US)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offence:x9:2
# text = (US)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	US	US	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I didn't mean to cause offence.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offence:x10:1
# text = I didn't mean to cause offence.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	cause	cause	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	offence	offence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **mean** | past · do-support | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **cause** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | I *not said here* | offence |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition offence=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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- ↑ back to [O in Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/O/)