---
title: offend — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «offend» in the Judaism dictionary: To make someone upset, hurt or annoyed by what you say or do. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# offend

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, smell, I, rude joke, His, Bright lights · **What happens:** make, hurt, say, do, seem, offend · **To what, where:** someone, nose, law, crime, any, chastisement · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«offend» in the Judaism dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [offend in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/offend.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To make someone upset, hurt or annoyed by what you say or do.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offend:m1:1
# text = To make someone upset, hurt or annoyed by what you say or do.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	upset	upset	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	hurt	hurt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	annoyed	annoyed	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	8	obl	_	_
11	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	do	do	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | someone |  |  |  | upset *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset someone=Product |
| 2 | **hurt** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **do** | present | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To seem nasty or unpleasant to someone's senses: «The smell offended my nose.».

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offend:m2:1
# text = To seem nasty or unpleasant to someone's senses: «The smell offended my nose.».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	seem	seem	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	advcl	_	_
3	nasty	nasty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	unpleasant	unpleasant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	's	's	PART	POS	_	7	case	_	_
9	senses	sens	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	smell	smell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
14	offended	offend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
15	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	nose	nose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **seem** | to-infinitive | the smell *not said here* |  |  |  |  | nasty *property* | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **offend** *in a quote* | past | the smell | my nose |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus nose=Experiencer |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To break a law or rule; to commit a crime.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offend:m3:1
# text = To break a law or rule; to commit a crime.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	break	break	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	advcl	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	rule	rule	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	commit	commit	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	crime	crime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **break** | to-infinitive |  | a law or rule |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer law=Patient |
| 2 | **commit** | to-infinitive |  | a crime |  |  |  |  | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent crime=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
For hath any said unto God: 'I have borne chastisement, though I offend not; (Writings JOB.34.31, JPS 1917)

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offend:x1:1
# text = For hath any said unto God: 'I have borne chastisement, though I offend not; (Writings JOB.34.31, JPS 1917)
1	For	for	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	hath	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	said	say	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
8	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
10	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	borne	bear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	conj	_	_
12	chastisement	chastisement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	though	though	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
15	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	offend	offend	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	conj	_	_
17	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	16	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
19	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	parataxis	_	_
21	JOB.34.31	JOB.34.31	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
23	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	flat	_	_
24	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	21	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	20	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present |  | any |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent any=Patient |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | participle |  |  |  |  |  | unto God | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **bear** | present · perfect | I | chastisement |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chastisement=Patient |
| 4 | **not** **offend** | present | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I'm sorry, I didn't mean to offend you.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offend:x2:1
# text = I'm sorry, I didn't mean to offend you.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	'm	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	sorry	sorry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
5	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
6	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	parataxis	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	offend	offend	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
11	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | I |  |  |  |  | sorry *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **mean** | past · do-support | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **offend** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | I *not said here* | you |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus you=Experiencer |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
His rude joke offended lots of people.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offend:x3:1
# text = His rude joke offended lots of people.
1	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	joke	joke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	offended	offend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	lots	lot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **offend** | past | His rude joke | lots of people |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus lot=Experiencer |
| 2 | **joke** |  | His *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom joke «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bright lights offend my eyes at night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offend:x4:1
# text = Bright lights offend my eyes at night.
1	Bright	bright	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	lights	light	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	offend	offend	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **offend** | present | Bright lights | my eyes |  |  | night |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus eye=Experiencer |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The thief promised he would never offend again.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offend:x5:1
# text = The thief promised he would never offend again.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	thief	thief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	promised	promise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
5	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
6	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
7	offend	offend	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	_
8	again	again	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **promise** *speech: promise* | past | the thief |  |  |  |  |  | vn promise-37.13 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **not** **offend** | would | thief |  |  |  | again |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Try not to offend your friends by laughing at them.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offend:x6:1
# text = Try not to offend your friends by laughing at them.
1	Try	try	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	offend	offend	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
8	laughing	laugh	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	advcl	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **try** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn try-61.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **not** **offend** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | your friends |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus friend=Experiencer |
| 3 | **laugh** | gerund | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | at friends *= friend* | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some words can offend people from other countries.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offend:x7:1
# text = Some words can offend people from other countries.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	offend	offend	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **offend** | can | some words | people |  | other countries |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus people=Experiencer |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
If there is anything in it that you are afraid may offend me, take courage, for I pardon you beforehand.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:offend:x8:1
# text = If there is anything in it that you are afraid may offend me, take courage, for I pardon you beforehand.
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	3	expl	_	_
3	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	advcl	_	_
4	anything	anything	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	3	nsubj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nmod	_	_
7	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	afraid	afraid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	acl:relcl	_	_
11	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	offend	offend	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	ccomp	_	_
13	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
15	take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
16	courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	_
19	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
20	pardon	pardon	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	_
21	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	20	obj	_	_
22	beforehand	beforehand	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | anything |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | you |  |  |  |  | afraid *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **offend** | may | you *not said here* | me |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus i=Experiencer |
| 4 | **take** | imperative | you *not said here* | courage |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent courage=Theme |
| 5 | **pardon** | present | I | you |  |  |  | beforehand *property* | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent you=Theme |

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**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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