---
title: passive — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «passive» in the Judaism dictionary: Passive means letting things happen to you without acting, reacting or taking part: «a passive audience». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# passive

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Passive, things, way, thing, Sam, Passive smoking · **What happens:** mean, let, happen, act, react, take · **To what, where:** things, you, part, way, sentence, something · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«passive» in the Judaism dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [passive in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/passive.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Passive means letting things happen to you without acting, reacting or taking part: «a passive audience».

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:passive:m1:1
# text = Passive means letting things happen to you without acting, reacting or taking part: «a passive audience».
1	Passive	passive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	letting	let	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	happen	happen	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	obl	_	_
8	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	acting	act	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	reacting	react	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	conj	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	taking	take	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	conj	_	_
14	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	19	punct	_	_
16	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	passive	passive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	audience	audience	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Passive |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **let** *not said to happen* | gerund | Passive *not said here* | things |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **happen** | infinitive | things *not said here* |  | you |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **act** | gerund | things *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **react** | gerund | things *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn respond-113 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **take** | gerund | things *not said here* | part |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent part=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: grammar — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The passive, or passive voice, is a way of making a sentence where the thing that something is done to comes first: «The window was broken by Sam», instead of the active «Sam broke the window».

<!-- fold The tree, 36 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:passive:m2:1
# text = The passive, or passive voice, is a way of making a sentence where the thing that something is done to comes first: «The window was broken by Sam», instead of the active «Sam broke the window».
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	passive	passive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
5	passive	passive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
12	making	make	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	acl	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	sentence	sentence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
15	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	23	advmod	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj	_	_
18	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	21	mark	_	_
19	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	21	nsubj	_	_
20	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	acl:relcl	_	_
22	to	to	ADP	IN	_	21	obl	_	_
23	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	acl:relcl	_	_
24	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	23	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	30	punct	_	_
26	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	30	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nsubj:pass	_	_
29	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	30	aux:pass	_	_
30	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	parataxis	_	_
31	by	by	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	Sam	Sam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	30	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	38	punct	_	_
35	instead	instead	ADV	RB	ExtPos=ADP	38	case	_	_
36	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	fixed	_	_
37	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	38	det	_	_
38	active	active	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	conj	_	_
39	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	41	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	Sam	Sam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	41	nsubj	_	_
41	broke	break	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	38	ccomp	_	_
42	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	43	det	_	_
43	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	41	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
44	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	41	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
45	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the passive | a way |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | gerund | a way *not said here* | a sentence |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset sentence=Product |
| 3 | **do** | present · passive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |
| 4 | **come** | present | the thing |  |  |  |  | first *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **break** *in a quote* | past · passive | Sam | the window |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer subject=Patient |
| 6 | **break** *in a quote* | past | Sam | the window |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer window=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Passive smoking means breathing in smoke from other people's cigarettes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:passive:m3:1
# text = Passive smoking means breathing in smoke from other people's cigarettes.
1	Passive	passive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	smoking	smoking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	breathing	breathe	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	ccomp	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
8	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	's	's	PART	POS	_	9	case	_	_
11	cigarettes	cigarette	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Passive smoking |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **breathe** | gerund |  |  |  | smoke |  | from other people's cigarettes | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Passive means working without extra power or effort, like a «passive house» that stays warm with no heaters.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:passive:m4:1
# text = Passive means working without extra power or effort, like a «passive house» that stays warm with no heaters.
1	Passive	passive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	working	work	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	without	without	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	effort	effort	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
10	like	like	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	passive	passive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	house	house	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	_
16	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	17	nsubj	_	_
17	stays	stay	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	acl:relcl	_	_
18	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	xcomp	_	_
19	with	with	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	21	det	_	_
21	heaters	heater	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Passive |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **work** *not said to happen* | gerund | Passive *not said here* |  |  |  |  | without extra power or effort; like a passive house | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **stay** | present | a passive house |  |  |  |  | with no heaters; warm *property* | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme with heater=Location |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The first is clearly the root שָׁכַב shakhav ‘to lie, lie down’, but שכובה looks like a passive participle, shekhuvah, while shakhav is normally an intransitive verb not amenable to being made passive. (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* The first is clearly the root שָׁכַב shakhav ‘to lie, lie down’, but שכובה looks like a passive participle, shekhuvah, while shakhav is normally an intransitive verb not amenable to being made passive.

<!-- fold The tree, 33 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:passive:x1:1
# text = The first is clearly the root שָׁכַב shakhav ‘to lie, lie down’, but שכובה looks like a passive participle, shekhuvah, while shakhav is normally an intransitive verb not amenable to being made passive.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	8	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
4	clearly	clearly	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	root	root	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	שָׁכַב	שָׁכַב	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	shakhav	shakhav	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	lie	lie	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	8	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	lie	lie	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	11	conj	_	_
14	down	down	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
18	שכובה	שכובה	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	_
19	looks	look	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	parataxis	_	_
20	like	like	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	passive	passive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	participle	participle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
25	shekhuvah	shekhuvah	INTJ	UH	_	19	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
27	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	33	mark	_	_
28	shakhav	shakhav	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	nsubj	_	_
29	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	33	cop	_	_
30	normally	normally	ADV	RB	_	33	advmod	_	_
31	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
32	intransitive	intransitive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	verb	verb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	conj	_	_
34	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	35	advmod	_	_
35	amenable	amenable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
36	to	to	SCONJ	IN	_	38	mark	_	_
37	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	38	aux:pass	_	_
38	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	35	advcl	_	_
39	passive	passive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	38	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the first | the שָׁכַב shakhav |  |  |  | clearly *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **lie** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **lie down** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | down *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **look** | present | שכובה |  |  |  |  | like a passive participle | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 5 | **is a** | present | shakhav | a intransitive verb |  |  |  | normally *property* | tree rules |
| 6 | **make** | gerund · passive | shakhav *not said here* |  |  |  |  | passive *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP» |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:passive:x1:2
# text = (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	Sefaria	Sefaria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
6	community	community	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	translation	translation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Three Mothers, Aleph, Mem and Shin, are a great Mystery, very admirable and most recondite, and sealed as with six rings; and from them proceed Air, Fire, and Water, which divide into active and passive forces. (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* The Three Mothers, Aleph, Mem and Shin, are a great Mystery, very admirable and most recondite, and sealed as with six rings; and from them proceed Air, Fire, and Water, which divide into active and passive forces.

<!-- fold The tree, 37 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:passive:x2:1
# text = The Three Mothers, Aleph, Mem and Shin, are a great Mystery, very admirable and most recondite, and sealed as with six rings; and from them proceed Air, Fire, and Water, which divide into active and passive forces.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	Mothers	mother	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	Aleph	Aleph	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	Mem	Mem	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	Shin	Shin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
11	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	Mystery	mystery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	very	very	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	admirable	admirable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	conj	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	20	advmod	_	_
20	recondite	recondite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	sealed	seal	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	acl	_	_
24	as	as	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
25	with	with	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	six	six	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	27	nummod	_	_
27	rings	ring	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	32	punct	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
30	from	from	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
31	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	32	obl	_	_
32	proceed	proceed	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	parataxis	_	_
33	Air	Air	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	32	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
35	Fire	Fire	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	33	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	41	punct	_	_
37	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	41	cc	_	_
38	Water	Water	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	41	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	41	punct	_	_
40	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	41	nsubj	_	_
41	divide	divide	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	32	conj	_	_
42	into	into	ADP	IN	_	46	case	_	_
43	active	active	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	46	amod	_	_
44	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	45	cc	_	_
45	passive	passive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	43	conj	_	_
46	forces	force	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	41	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the Three Mothers | a great Mystery |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | the Three Mothers *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **seal** | participle |  | a great Mystery *not said here* |  |  |  | as six rings | vn tape-22.4 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **proceed** | present |  | Air and Fire |  |  |  | from Mothers *= mother* | tree rules |
| 5 | **divide** | present |  | Water |  | active forces |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:passive:x2:2
# text = (Sefer Yetzirah, Westcott 1893)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	Westcott	Westcott	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
6	1893	1893	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«The cake was eaten by the dog» is in the passive.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:passive:x3:1
# text = «The cake was eaten by the dog» is in the passive.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	cake	cake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	eaten	eat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	parataxis	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	passive	passive	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** *in a quote* | past · passive | the dog | the cake |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  | the passive |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rewrite the sentence in the passive voice.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:passive:x4:1
# text = Rewrite the sentence in the passive voice.
1	Rewrite	rewrite	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	sentence	sentence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	passive	passive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rewrite** | imperative | you *not said here* | the sentence |  | the passive voice |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In science reports we write «The water was heated».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:passive:x5:1
# text = In science reports we write «The water was heated».
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	reports	report	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
4	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	write	write	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	heated	heat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | present | we |  |  | science reports |  |  | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **heat** *in a quote* | past · passive |  | the water |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't just be passive — join in the discussion!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:passive:x6:1
# text = Don't just be passive — join in the discussion!
1	Do	do	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	1	advmod	_	_
3	just	just	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	cop	_	_
5	passive	passive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	advcl	_	_
6	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
7	join	join	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	discussion	discussion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **do** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | passive *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **join** | infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | in the discussion | vn cooperate-73.1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent in discussion=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Passive smoking can harm children's lungs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:passive:x7:1
# text = Passive smoking can harm children's lungs.
1	Passive	passive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	smoking	smoking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	harm	harm	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	lungs	lung	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **harm** | can | Passive smoking | children's lungs |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus lung=Experiencer |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She gave a passive-aggressive smile and said «Fine».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:passive:x8:1
# text = She gave a passive-aggressive smile and said «Fine».
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
4	passive	passive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	aggressive	aggressive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	smile	smile	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	Fine	fine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | She | a aggressive smile |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent smile=Theme |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | She *not said here* | Fine |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent fine=Topic |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Watching TV is passive; building a model is active.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:passive:x9:1
# text = Watching TV is passive; building a model is active.
1	Watching	watch	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	csubj	_	_
2	TV	TV	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	passive	passive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
6	building	build	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	csubj	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	model	model	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	active	active	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **watch** | gerund |  | TV |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tv=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | Watching |  |  |  |  | passive *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **build** | gerund |  | a model |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset model=Product |
| 4 | **is** | present | building |  |  |  |  | active *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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