---
title: persecution — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «persecution» in the Judaism dictionary: Cruel and unfair treatment of a person or group, especially because of their religion, race, beliefs or who they are. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# persecution

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** beliefs, Roman emperors, That, incessant stroke, none, early Christians · **What happens:** be, treat, persecute, smite, rule, restrain · **To what, where:** Cruel treatment, person, early Christians, many faith groups, peoples, wrath · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«persecution» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [persecution in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/persecution.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cruel and unfair treatment of a person or group, especially because of their religion, race, beliefs or who they are.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:persecution:m1:1
# text = Cruel and unfair treatment of a person or group, especially because of their religion, race, beliefs or who they are.
1	Cruel	cruel	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	unfair	unfair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
4	treatment	treatment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
11	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
12	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	15	case	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	fixed	_	_
14	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	religion	religion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	race	race	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	beliefs	belief	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	appos	_	_
20	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	19	conj	_	_
22	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
23	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | beliefs *= belief* | Cruel treatment of a person or group and person's religion and race |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **treat** |  |  | a person or group and person's religion and race |  |  |  |  | nom treatment «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: church, history — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The persecution of the early Christians by some Roman emperors, and the persecution of many faith groups through history and today.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:persecution:m2:1
# text = The persecution of the early Christians by some Roman emperors, and the persecution of many faith groups through history and today.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	persecution	persecution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	Christians	Christian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	10	det	_	_
9	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	emperors	emperor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	persecution	persecution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
17	faith	faith	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	groups	group	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nmod	_	_
19	through	through	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **persecute** |  | some Roman emperors | the early Christians |  |  |  |  | nom persecution «act transitive»: of=patient by=agent |
| 2 | **persecute** |  |  | many faith groups through history and today |  |  |  |  | nom persecution «act transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
That smote the peoples in wrath with an incessant stroke, that ruled the nations in anger, with a persecution that none restrained. (Prophets ISA.14.6, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* That smote the peoples in wrath with an incessant stroke, that ruled the nations in anger, with a persecution that none restrained.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:persecution:x1:1
# text = That smote the peoples in wrath with an incessant stroke, that ruled the nations in anger, with a persecution that none restrained.
1	That	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	nsubj	_	_
2	smote	smite	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	peoples	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	wrath	wrath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	incessant	incessant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	stroke	stroke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
13	ruled	rule	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	nations	nation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	anger	anger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
19	with	with	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	persecution	persecution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	_
22	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	24	obj	_	_
23	none	none	PRON	NN	PronType=Neg	24	nsubj	_	_
24	restrained	restrain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smite** | past | That | the peoples |  | wrath |  | with a incessant stroke | vn hit-18.1 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent people=Patient with stroke=Instrument |
| 2 | **rule** | past | a incessant stroke | the nations |  | anger |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nation=Theme |
| 3 | **restrain** | past | none | a persecution |  |  |  |  | vn discourage-64.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer that=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets ISA.14.6, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:persecution:x1:2
# text = (Prophets ISA.14.6, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	ISA.14.6	ISA.14.6	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The early Christians suffered persecution in Rome.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:persecution:x2:1
# text = The early Christians suffered persecution in Rome.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	Christians	Christian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	suffered	suffer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	persecution	persecution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Rome	Rome	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **suffer** | past | the early Christians | persecution |  | Rome |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer persecution=Stimulus |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many refugees flee persecution in their countries.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:persecution:x3:1
# text = Many refugees flee persecution in their countries.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	refugees	refugee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	flee	flee	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	persecution	persecution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **flee** | present | Many refugees | persecution |  | refugees's countries |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme persecution=Initial\_Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Religious persecution is when people are hurt for their faith.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:persecution:x4:1
# text = Religious persecution is when people are hurt for their faith.
1	Religious	religious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	persecution	persecution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	hurt	hurt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	faith	faith	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present · passive |  | Religious persecution |  |  |  | for people's faith; hurt *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Pilgrims left England partly to escape persecution.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:persecution:x5:1
# text = The Pilgrims left England partly to escape persecution.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Pilgrims	Pilgrim	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	England	England	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	partly	partly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	escape	escape	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
8	persecution	persecution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past | the Pilgrims | England |  |  |  | partly *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent england=Theme |
| 2 | **escape** | to-infinitive | the Pilgrims *not said here* | persecution |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme persecution=Initial\_Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Saint Paul at first led the persecution of Christians.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:persecution:x6:1
# text = Saint Paul at first led the persecution of Christians.
1	Saint	Saint	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	Paul	Paul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	5	obl	_	_
5	led	lead	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	persecution	persecution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Christians	Christian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | past | Saint Paul | the persecution of Christians |  |  |  |  | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent persecution=Theme at first=Destination |
| 2 | **persecute** |  |  | Christians |  |  |  |  | nom persecution «act transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bullying a group because of who they are is a kind of persecution.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:persecution:x7:1
# text = Bullying a group because of who they are is a kind of persecution.
1	Bullying	bully	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	csubj	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	6	case	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	fixed	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	1	parataxis	_	_
7	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	persecution	persecution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bully** | gerund |  | a group |  |  |  |  | vn captain-29.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent group=Beneficiary |
| 2 | **is** | present | they |  |  |  |  | because a kind | tree rules |
| 3 | **is a** | present | Bullying | a kind |  |  |  | of persecution | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is said the quarrel grew out of the persecution the race of Geese suffered at the teeth of the Fox family.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:persecution:x8:1
# text = It is said the quarrel grew out of the persecution the race of Geese suffered at the teeth of the Fox family.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	quarrel	quarrel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	grew	grow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
7	out	out	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	persecution	persecution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	race	race	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	Geese	goose	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod	_	_
15	suffered	suffer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	_
16	at	at	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obl	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	Fox	fox	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	compound	_	_
22	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present · passive |  | It |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **grow out** | past | the quarrel | the persecution |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location persecution=Theme |
| 3 | **suffer** | past | the race of Geese | the persecution *not said here* |  | the teeth of the Fox family |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer persecution=Stimulus |
| 4 | **race** |  | Geese |  |  |  |  |  | nom race «event intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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