---
title: presume — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «presume» in the Judaism dictionary: To think something is true without being sure, because it seems likely. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# presume

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** something, it, you, they, Moses, LORD · **What happens:** think, be, seem, treat, prove, do · **To what, where:** something, it, right, me, on/upon, unfair advantage · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«presume» in the Judaism dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 10 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [presume in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/presume.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To think something is true without being sure, because it seems likely.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:presume:m1:1
# text = To think something is true without being sure, because it seems likely.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	think	think	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	_
6	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
7	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	cop	_	_
8	sure	sure	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	seems	seem	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
13	likely	likely	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **think** *speech: other* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | something |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | gerund | something *not said here* |  |  |  |  | sure *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **seem** | present | it |  |  |  |  | likely *property* | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: law — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To treat something as true until it is proved wrong: «innocent until proved guilty».

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:presume:m2:1
# text = To treat something as true until it is proved wrong: «innocent until proved guilty».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	treat	treat	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	as	as	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	obl	_	_
6	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	proved	prove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	advcl	_	_
10	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	innocent	innocent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
14	until	until	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	proved	prove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	amod	_	_
16	guilty	guilty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **treat** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  | as true | vn characterize-29.2 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent something=Theme as true=Attribute |
| 2 | **prove** | present · passive |  | it |  |  |  | wrong *property* | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 3 | **prove** *in a quote* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To be bold or rude enough to do something you have no right to do: «Don't presume to tell me what to do.».

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:presume:m3:1
# text = To be bold or rude enough to do something you have no right to do: «Don't presume to tell me what to do.».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	3	mark	_	_
2	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	cop	_	_
3	bold	bold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	_
6	enough	enough	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
9	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	8	obj	_	_
10	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	13	det	_	_
13	right	right	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
17	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	20	advmod	_	_
20	presume	presume	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	9	parataxis	_	_
21	to	to	PART	TO	_	22	mark	_	_
22	tell	tell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	xcomp	_	_
23	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	22	iobj	_	_
24	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	26	obj	_	_
25	to	to	PART	TO	_	26	mark	_	_
26	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | bold, enough *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **do** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |
| 4 | **have** | present | you | no right |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent right=Patient |
| 5 | **do** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | no right *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **not** **presume** *in a quote* | infinitive · do-support |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 7 | **tell** *speech: assert* *in a quote* | to-infinitive |  |  | me |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent i=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 8 | **do** *not said to happen, in a quote* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Eventuality |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
presume on/upon To take unfair advantage of someone's kindness.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:presume:m4:1
# text = presume on/upon To take unfair advantage of someone's kindness.
1	presume	presume	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
2	on/upon	on/upon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	To	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	csubj	_	_
5	unfair	unfair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	advantage	advantage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	10	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	's	's	PART	POS	_	8	case	_	_
10	kindness	kindness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **presume** | imperative | you *not said here* | on/upon |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent on/upon=Theme |
| 2 | **take** | to-infinitive |  | unfair advantage of someone's kindness |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent advantage=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
But they presumed to go up to the top of the mountain; nevertheless the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and Moses, departed not out of the camp. (Torah NUM.14.44, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* But they presumed to go up to the top of the mountain; nevertheless the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and Moses, departed not out of the camp.

<!-- fold The tree, 29 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:presume:x1:1
# text = But they presumed to go up to the top of the mountain; nevertheless the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and Moses, departed not out of the camp.
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	presumed	presume	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	up	up	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	nevertheless	nevertheless	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	ark	ark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	covenant	covenant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	LORD	LORD	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
25	Moses	Moses	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
27	departed	depart	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
28	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	27	advmod	_	_
29	out	out	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
30	of	of	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	camp	camp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **presume** | past | they | the ark of the covenant of the LORD |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **go up** | to-infinitive | they *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to the top of the mountain | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
| 3 | **not** **depart** | past | Moses |  |  | the camp |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme out camp=Initial\_Location |
| 4 | **covenant** |  | the LORD |  |  |  |  |  | nom covenant «communication intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Torah NUM.14.44, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:presume:x1:2
# text = (Torah NUM.14.44, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	NUM.14.44	NUM.14.44	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Then spoke the king Ahasuerus and said unto Esther the queen: 'Who is he, and where is he, that durst presume in his heart to do so?' (Writings EST.7.5, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Then spoke the king Ahasuerus and said unto Esther the queen: 'Who is he, and where is he, that durst presume in his heart to do so?'

<!-- fold The tree, 27 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:presume:x2:1
# text = Then spoke the king Ahasuerus and said unto Esther the queen: 'Who is he, and where is he, that durst presume in his heart to do so?'
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	2	advmod	_	_
2	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	Ahasuerus	Ahasuerus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Esther	Esther	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	queen	queen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	_
13	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	Who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	25	nsubj	_	_
15	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	cop	_	_
16	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
19	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	25	advmod	_	_
20	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	cop	_	_
21	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
23	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	24	det	_	_
24	durst	durst	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	_
25	presume	presume	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	_
26	in	in	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	28	nmod:poss	_	_
28	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	_
29	to	to	PART	TO	_	30	mark	_	_
30	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	25	advcl	_	_
31	so	so	ADV	RB	_	30	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | past |  | the king |  |  | then |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the queen |  |  |  |  | unto Esther | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | present |  |  |  | king's heart |  | that durst *obl*; presume *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **do** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings EST.7.5, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:presume:x2:2
# text = (Writings EST.7.5, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	EST.7.5	EST.7.5	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I presume you're hungry after the long walk.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:presume:x3:1
# text = I presume you're hungry after the long walk.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	presume	presume	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	're	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	hungry	hungry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	_
6	after	after	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	walk	walk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **presume** | infinitive | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | you |  |  |  | after the long walk | hungry *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sailors were presumed lost at sea, but they came home.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:presume:x4:1
# text = The sailors were presumed lost at sea, but they came home.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sailors	sailor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	presumed	presume	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	xcomp	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
12	home	home	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **presume** | past · passive |  | the sailors |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **lose** | participle |  |  |  | sea |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V PP.eventuality S\_ING»: agent=Agent at sea=Eventuality |
| 3 | **come** | past | sailors *= sailor* |  |  |  |  | home *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In court, everyone is presumed innocent until proved guilty.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:presume:x5:1
# text = In court, everyone is presumed innocent until proved guilty.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	6	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	presumed	presume	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	innocent	innocent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	_
8	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	proved	prove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	advcl	_	_
10	guilty	guilty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **presume** | present · passive |  | everyone |  | court |  | innocent *property* | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **prove** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | guilty *property* | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't presume to boss me around!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:presume:x6:1
# text = Don't presume to boss me around!
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	presume	presume	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	boss	boss	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	_
7	around	around	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **presume** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **boss around** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  | me |  |  | around *property* | vn captain-29.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Beneficiary |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We presumed the shop was open, but it was shut.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:presume:x7:1
# text = We presumed the shop was open, but it was shut.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	presumed	presume	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	open	open	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
10	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	shut	shut	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **presume** | past | We |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | past | the shop |  |  |  |  | open *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | past | shop |  |  |  |  | shut *property* | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"You're the new girl, I presume?" said the teacher.

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:presume:x8:1
# text = "You're the new girl, I presume?" said the teacher.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	're	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	girl	girl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	presume	presume	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	_
12	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | You | the new girl |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **presume** *in a quote* | infinitive | the teacher *= teacher* |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **say** *speech: ask* | past | the teacher |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She never presumed on her friends' kindness.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:presume:x9:1
# text = She never presumed on her friends' kindness.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	presumed	presume	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	'	's	PART	POS	_	6	case	_	_
8	kindness	kindness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **presume** | participle · passive |  | She |  | her friends's kindness |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We presume this from the interest, which came to twenty dollars.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:presume:x10:1
# text = We presume this from the interest, which came to twenty dollars.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	presume	presume	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
3	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	obj	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	interest	interest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	twenty	twenty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
12	dollars	dollar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **presume** | infinitive | We | this |  | the interest |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent this=Theme |
| 2 | **come** | past | the interest |  |  | twenty dollars |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to dollar=Initial\_Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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