---
title: ptolemy — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «ptolemy» in the Judaism dictionary: Ptolemy was a Greek scientist who lived in Alexandria in Egypt about 1,900 years ago (around 100–170 AD); he wrote that the Earth was at the centre of the universe and made famous maps. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# ptolemy

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Ptolemy, Greek scientist, Egypt, Earth, arrangement, interpolation · **What happens:** be, live, write, make, think, go · **To what, where:** Greek scientist, 100, Alexandria, centre, famous maps, name · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«ptolemy» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [ptolemy in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/ptolemy.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: a name — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ptolemy was a Greek scientist who lived in Alexandria in Egypt about 1,900 years ago (around 100–170 AD); he wrote that the Earth was at the centre of the universe and made famous maps.

<!-- fold The tree, 36 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:ptolemy:m1:1
# text = Ptolemy was a Greek scientist who lived in Alexandria in Egypt about 1,900 years ago (around 100–170 AD); he wrote that the Earth was at the centre of the universe and made famous maps.
1	Ptolemy	ptolemy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	Greek	Greek	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	scientist	scientist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Alexandria	Alexandria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Egypt	Egypt	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
12	about	about	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	1,900	1,900	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	14	nummod	_	_
14	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obl:unmarked	_	_
15	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
16	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	around	around	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
18	100	100	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	–	–	SYM	SYM	ExtPos=ADP	20	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	170	170	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	18	nmod	_	_
21	AD	ad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nmod:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
24	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
25	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
26	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	32	mark	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	32	nsubj	_	_
29	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	32	cop	_	_
30	at	at	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	centre	centre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	ccomp	_	_
33	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	universe	universe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	nmod	_	_
36	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
37	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	conj	_	_
38	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	39	amod	_	_
39	maps	map	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	37	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Ptolemy | a Greek scientist |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | past | a Greek scientist | 100 – 170  AD |  | Alexandria |  | in Egypt; ago *property* | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in alexandria=Location |
| 3 | **write** | past | Egypt |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **is** | past | the Earth |  |  | the centre |  | of the universe | tree rules |
| 5 | **make** | past | Egypt *not said here* | famous maps |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset map=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: a name — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ptolemy was also the name of several kings of ancient Egypt after Alexander the Great, including the family of Cleopatra.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:ptolemy:m2:1
# text = Ptolemy was also the name of several kings of ancient Egypt after Alexander the Great, including the family of Cleopatra.
1	Ptolemy	ptolemy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	kings	king	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	Egypt	Egypt	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
12	after	after	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Alexander	Alexander	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	Great	Great	ADJ	NNP	Degree=Pos	13	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	including	including	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	appos	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	Cleopatra	Cleopatra	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Ptolemy | the name |  |  |  | of several kings of ancient Egypt after Alexander | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
But this arrangement is undoubtedly an interpolation of a later time, as the author of the book "Yezirah" lived many years before Ptolemy. (Sefer Yetzirah, Kalisch 1877)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* But this arrangement is undoubtedly an interpolation of a later time, as the author of the book "Yezirah" lived many years before Ptolemy.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:ptolemy:x1:1
# text = But this arrangement is undoubtedly an interpolation of a later time, as the author of the book "Yezirah" lived many years before Ptolemy.
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
2	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
3	arrangement	arrangement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	undoubtedly	undoubtedly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	interpolation	interpolation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	later	late	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	11	amod	_	_
11	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	as	as	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	author	author	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
19	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	Yezirah	Yezirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	20	punct	_	_
22	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
23	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obl:unmarked	_	_
25	before	before	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	Ptolemy	Ptolemy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	22	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | this arrangement | a interpolation and the author of the book |  |  | time | undoubtedly *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | past | a interpolation and the author of the book |  |  | Ptolemy | year |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme before ptolemy=Location |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Sefer Yetzirah, Kalisch 1877)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:ptolemy:x1:2
# text = (Sefer Yetzirah, Kalisch 1877)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	Kalisch	Kalisch	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
6	1877	1877	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ptolemy thought the Sun went round the Earth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:ptolemy:x2:1
# text = Ptolemy thought the Sun went round the Earth.
1	Ptolemy	Ptolemy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	thought	think	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	Sun	Sun	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
6	round	round	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **think** *speech: other* | past | Ptolemy |  |  |  |  |  | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **go** | past | the Sun |  |  | the Earth |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme round earth=Initial\_Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ptolemy drew maps of the known world.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:ptolemy:x3:1
# text = Ptolemy drew maps of the known world.
1	Ptolemy	ptolemy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	drew	draw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	maps	map	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	known	know	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
7	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | past | Ptolemy | maps of the known world |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent map=Theme |
| 2 | **know** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Copernicus showed Ptolemy's model was wrong.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:ptolemy:x4:1
# text = Copernicus showed Ptolemy's model was wrong.
1	Copernicus	Copernicus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Ptolemy	Ptolemy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	's	's	PART	POS	_	3	case	_	_
5	model	model	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | Copernicus |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | past | Ptolemy's model |  |  |  |  | wrong *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **model** |  | Ptolemy |  |  |  |  |  | nom model «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cleopatra came from the family of Ptolemy.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:ptolemy:x5:1
# text = Cleopatra came from the family of Ptolemy.
1	Cleopatra	Cleopatra	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Ptolemy	Ptolemy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | Cleopatra |  |  | the family of Ptolemy |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from family=Initial\_Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ptolemy lived in Alexandria.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:ptolemy:x6:1
# text = Ptolemy lived in Alexandria.
1	Ptolemy	Ptolemy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Alexandria	Alexandria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | Ptolemy |  |  | Alexandria |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in alexandria=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Ptolemy kings built the great library of Alexandria.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:ptolemy:x7:1
# text = The Ptolemy kings built the great library of Alexandria.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Ptolemy	Ptolemy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	kings	king	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	built	build	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	library	library	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Alexandria	Alexandria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | past | the Ptolemy kings | the great library of Alexandria |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent library=Product |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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