---
title: rafter — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «rafter» in the Judaism dictionary: One of the long sloping beams of wood that hold up a roof. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# rafter

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** long sloping beams, rafters, Swallows, We, owl, builders · **What happens:** slope, hold up, beam, pack, sink in, leak · **To what, where:** roof, wood, idleness, nest, rafters, herbs

<!-- .vabout -->
«rafter» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [rafter in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/rafter.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One of the long sloping beams of wood that hold up a roof.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rafter:m1:1
# text = One of the long sloping beams of wood that hold up a roof.
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	sloping	slope	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	amod	_	_
6	beams	beam	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	wood	wood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	hold	hold	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
11	up	up	ADP	RP	_	10	compound:prt	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **slope** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **hold up** | present | the long sloping beams of wood | a roof |  |  |  |  | vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot roof=Theme |
| 3 | **beam** |  |  | wood |  |  |  |  | nom beam «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: phrase — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«packed to the rafters» = completely full of people or things.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rafter:m2:1
# text = «packed to the rafters» = completely full of people or things.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	packed	pack	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	advcl	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	rafters	rafter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
7	=	=	SYM	SYM	_	9	punct	_	_
8	completely	completely	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pack** *in a quote* | participle |  |  |  |  |  | to the rafters | vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By slothfulness the rafters sink in; and through idleness of the hands the house leaketh. (Writings ECC.10.18, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* By slothfulness the rafters sink in; and through idleness of the hands the house leaketh.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rafter:x1:1
# text = By slothfulness the rafters sink in; and through idleness of the hands the house leaketh.
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	slothfulness	slothfulness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	rafters	rafter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	sink	sink	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
9	through	through	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	idleness	idleness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	house	house	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	iobj	_	_
16	leaketh	leak	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sink in** | present | the rafters |  |  |  |  | by slothfulness | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **leak** | present | the rafters *not said here* |  |  | idleness of the hands |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through idleness=Location |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings ECC.10.18, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rafter:x1:2
# text = (Writings ECC.10.18, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	ECC.10.18	ECC.10.18	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Swallows built a nest in the rafters of the barn.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rafter:x2:1
# text = Swallows built a nest in the rafters of the barn.
1	Swallows	swallow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	built	build	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	nest	nest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	rafters	rafter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	barn	barn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | past | Swallows | a nest |  | the rafters of the barn |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset nest=Product |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hams and bunches of herbs hung from the rafters.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rafter:x3:1
# text = Hams and bunches of herbs hung from the rafters.
1	Hams	ham	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	bunches	bunch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	herbs	herb	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
6	hung	hang	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	rafters	rafter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hang** | participle |  | herbs *not said here* |  | the rafters |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The hall was packed to the rafters for the concert.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rafter:x4:1
# text = The hall was packed to the rafters for the concert.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	hall	hall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	packed	pack	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	rafters	rafter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	concert	concert	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pack** | past · passive |  | the hall |  |  |  | to the rafters; for the concert | vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP.theme V NP»: subject=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We could see the old wooden rafters in the attic.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rafter:x5:1
# text = We could see the old wooden rafters in the attic.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	wooden	wooden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	rafters	rafter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	attic	attic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | could | We | the old wooden rafters |  | the attic |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer rafter=Stimulus |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An owl sat on a rafter, watching.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rafter:x6:1
# text = An owl sat on a rafter, watching.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	owl	owl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	rafter	rafter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	watching	watch	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | past | a owl |  |  | a rafter |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on rafter=Location |
| 2 | **watch** | gerund | a owl *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn search-35.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The builders fixed new rafters on the roof.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rafter:x7:1
# text = The builders fixed new rafters on the roof.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	builders	builder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	fixed	fix	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	rafters	rafter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fix** | past | the builders | new rafters |  | the roof |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent rafter=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I looked down between the bare rafters and through the open loft into the comfortless space below.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rafter:x8:1
# text = I looked down between the bare rafters and through the open loft into the comfortless space below.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	down	down	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	between	between	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	bare	bare	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	rafters	rafter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
9	through	through	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	open	open	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	loft	loft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
13	into	into	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	comfortless	comfortless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	space	space	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
17	below	below	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look down** | past | I |  |  | the comfortless space |  | between the bare rafters and the open loft; down *property* | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent between rafter=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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