---
title: refined — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «refined» in the Judaism dictionary: Polite, well-mannered and with good taste. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# refined

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Thou, I, words, silver, refined lady, Refined sugar · **What happens:** remove, refine, have, try, be, word · **To what, where:** Pure rough parts, us, silver, thee, furnace, pure words · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«refined» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [refined in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/refined.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Polite, well-mannered and with good taste.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:refined:m1:1
# text = Polite, well-mannered and with good taste.
1	Polite	polite	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
3	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	mannered	mannered	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	taste	taste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pure, with the rough parts removed (refined sugar, refined gold).

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:refined:m2:1
# text = Pure, with the rough parts removed (refined sugar, refined gold).
1	Pure	pure	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
7	removed	remove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	refined	refine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	amod	_	_
10	sugar	sugar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	refined	refine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	amod	_	_
13	gold	gold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remove** | participle |  | the Pure rough parts *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **refine** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **refine** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
For Thou, O God, hast tried us; Thou hast refined us, as silver is refined. (Writings PSA.66.10, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* For Thou, O God, hast tried us; Thou hast refined us, as silver is refined.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:refined:x1:1
# text = For Thou, O God, hast tried us; Thou hast refined us, as silver is refined.
1	For	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
2	Thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	O	o	INTJ	UH	_	5	discourse	_	_
5	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	hast	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
8	tried	try	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
11	Thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	12	nsubj	_	_
12	hast	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	parataxis	_	_
13	refined	refine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	ccomp	_	_
14	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
16	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
17	silver	silver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	_
18	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux:pass	_	_
19	refined	refine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **try** | past |  | us |  |  |  | for God | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent we=Theme for god=Attribute |
| 3 | **have** | present | Thou |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **refine** | participle | Thou *not said here* | us |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent we=Patient |
| 5 | **refine** | present · passive |  | silver |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings PSA.66.10, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:refined:x1:2
# text = (Writings PSA.66.10, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	PSA.66.10	PSA.66.10	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Behold, I have refined thee, but not as silver; I have tried thee in the furnace of affliction. (Prophets ISA.48.10, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Behold, I have refined thee, but not as silver; I have tried thee in the furnace of affliction.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:refined:x2:1
# text = Behold, I have refined thee, but not as silver; I have tried thee in the furnace of affliction.
1	Behold	behold	INTJ	UH	_	5	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
4	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	refined	refine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	11	advmod	_	_
10	as	as	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	silver	silver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
14	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
15	tried	try	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	conj	_	_
16	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	15	obj	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	furnace	furnace	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	affliction	affliction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **refine** | present · perfect | I | thee |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent thou=Patient |
| 2 | **try** | present · perfect | I | thee |  | the furnace of affliction |  |  | vn try-61.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thou=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets ISA.48.10, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:refined:x2:2
# text = (Prophets ISA.48.10, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	ISA.48.10	ISA.48.10	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The words of the LORD are pure words, as silver tried in a crucible on the earth, refined seven times. (Writings PSA.12.7, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* The words of the LORD are pure words, as silver tried in a crucible on the earth, refined seven times.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:refined:x3:1
# text = The words of the LORD are pure words, as silver tried in a crucible on the earth, refined seven times.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	LORD	LORD	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	pure	pure	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
11	silver	silver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	tried	try	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	crucible	crucible	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
16	on	on	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	earth	earth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	refined	refine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	appos	_	_
21	seven	seven	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	22	nummod	_	_
22	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the words of the LORD | pure words |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **try** | past | silver | pure words *not said here* |  | a crucible |  | on the earth | vn try-61.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Eventuality |
| 3 | **refine** | participle |  |  |  |  | time |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **word** |  |  | the LORD |  |  |  |  | nom word «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings PSA.12.7, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:refined:x3:2
# text = (Writings PSA.12.7, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	PSA.12.7	PSA.12.7	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The refined lady spoke softly and ate politely.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:refined:x4:1
# text = The refined lady spoke softly and ate politely.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	refined	refine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	lady	lady	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	softly	softly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
8	politely	politely	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **refine** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | the refined lady |  |  |  |  | softly *property* | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **eat** | past | the refined lady *not said here* |  |  |  |  | politely *property* | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Refined sugar is whiter than brown sugar.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:refined:x5:1
# text = Refined sugar is whiter than brown sugar.
1	Refined	refine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	amod	_	_
2	sugar	sugar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	whiter	white	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
5	than	than	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	sugar	sugar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **refine** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present | Refined sugar |  |  |  |  | than brown sugar; white *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The jeweller made a ring of refined gold.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:refined:x6:1
# text = The jeweller made a ring of refined gold.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	jeweller	jeweller	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	ring	ring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	refined	refine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
8	gold	gold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the jeweller | a ring of refined gold |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset ring=Product |
| 2 | **refine** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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