---
title: rough — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «rough» in the Judaism dictionary: Rough means not smooth; a rough surface is bumpy or uneven when you touch it. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# rough

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** rough surface, you, Rough weather, Feeling, rough, elders · **What happens:** mean, be, touch, use, not finish, feel · **To what, where:** surface, much force, difficult, rough, fine manners, heifer · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«rough» in the Judaism dictionary: its 8 meanings for a pupil and its 13 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [rough in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/rough.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rough means not smooth; a rough surface is bumpy or uneven when you touch it.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:m1:1
# text = Rough means not smooth; a rough surface is bumpy or uneven when you touch it.
1	Rough	rough	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	smooth	smooth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	bumpy	bumpy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	parataxis	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	uneven	uneven	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	_
13	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	15	mark	_	_
14	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	touch	touch	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	advcl	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | rough, smooth *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | a rough surface |  |  |  |  | bumpy *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** |  | a rough surface *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **touch** | present | you | surface |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme it=Co-Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rough means not gentle; using too much force.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:m2:1
# text = Rough means not gentle; using too much force.
1	Rough	rough	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	gentle	gentle	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
6	using	use	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	conj	_	_
7	too	too	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | gentle, rough *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **use** | gerund |  | much force |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent force=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rough means not exact or not finished, like a rough guess or a rough drawing.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:m3:1
# text = Rough means not exact or not finished, like a rough guess or a rough drawing.
1	Rough	rough	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	exact	exact	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
6	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
7	finished	finish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	like	like	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	guess	guess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	parataxis	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	drawing	drawing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | exact, rough *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **not** **finish** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rough weather or sea is stormy, with big waves and wind.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:m4:1
# text = Rough weather or sea is stormy, with big waves and wind.
1	Rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	stormy	stormy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	waves	wave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Rough weather or sea |  |  |  |  | with big waves and wind; stormy *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rough means difficult or unpleasant, like a rough day.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:m5:1
# text = Rough means difficult or unpleasant, like a rough day.
1	Rough	rough	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	difficult	difficult	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	obj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	unpleasant	unpleasant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  | difficult |  |  |  | rough *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent difficult=Topic |

## Meaning 6 {#m6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Feeling rough (UK) means feeling ill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:m6:1
# text = Feeling rough (UK) means feeling ill.
1	Feeling	feel	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	csubj	_	_
2	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	obj	_	_
3	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	UK	UK	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	4	punct	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	feeling	feel	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	xcomp	_	_
8	ill	ill	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feel** | gerund |  | rough |  |  |  |  | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rough=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present | Feeling |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **feel** *not said to happen* | gerund | Feeling *not said here* |  |  |  |  | ill *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

## Meaning 7 {#m7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To rough it is to live without comforts, as when camping.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:m7:1
# text = To rough it is to live without comforts, as when camping.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	nsubj	_	_
3	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	live	live	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	without	without	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	comforts	comfort	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
11	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	12	mark	_	_
12	camping	camp	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | rough |  |  |  |  | without comforts; live *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **camp** | gerund | rough *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn odge-46-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 8 {#m8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rough can also mean not polished or refined, lacking fine manners or style.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:m8:1
# text = Rough can also mean not polished or refined, lacking fine manners or style.
1	Rough	rough	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
6	polished	polish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	xcomp	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	refined	refine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	lacking	lack	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	_
11	fine	fine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	manners	manners	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	10	obj	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	style	style	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can |  |  |  |  |  | rough *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **not** **polish** *not said to happen* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **refine** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **lack** | gerund |  | fine manners or style |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer unto a rough valley, which may neither be plowed nor sown, and shall break the heifer's neck there in the valley. (Torah DEU.21.4, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* And the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer unto a rough valley, which may neither be plowed nor sown, and shall break the heifer's neck there in the valley.

<!-- fold The tree, 33 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:x1:1
# text = And the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer unto a rough valley, which may neither be plowed nor sown, and shall break the heifer's neck there in the valley.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	elders	elder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
6	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	bring	bring	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
9	down	down	ADP	RP	_	8	compound:prt	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	heifer	heifer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
12	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
17	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	21	nsubj:pass	_	_
18	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
19	neither	neither	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
20	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	plowed	plow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	conj	_	_
22	nor	nor	CCONJ	CC	Polarity=Neg	23	cc	_	_
23	sown	sow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
26	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	27	aux	_	_
27	break	break	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	conj	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	heifer	heifer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	's	's	PART	POS	_	29	case	_	_
31	neck	neck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obj	_	_
32	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	27	advmod	_	_
33	in	in	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bring down** | shall | the elders of that city |  | the heifer |  |  | unto a rough valley | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Instrument heifer=Destination |
| 2 | **plow** | may · passive |  | a rough valley |  |  |  | neither *property* | vn wipe\_instr-10.4.2-1 «NP V NP.initial\_location»: subject=Initial\_Location |
| 3 | **sow** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **break** | shall | the elders of that city *not said here* | the heifer's neck |  | the valley; there |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer neck=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Torah DEU.21.4, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:x1:2
# text = (Torah DEU.21.4, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	DEU.21.4	DEU.21.4	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And the rough he-goat is the king of Greece; and the great horn that is between his eyes is the first king. (Writings DAN.8.21, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* And the rough he-goat is the king of Greece; and the great horn that is between his eyes is the first king.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:x2:1
# text = And the rough he-goat is the king of Greece; and the great horn that is between his eyes is the first king.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
3	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
4	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	goat	goat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Greece	Greece	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	horn	horn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
17	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	25	nsubj	_	_
18	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	cop	_	_
19	between	between	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obl	_	_
22	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	cop	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	25	amod	_	_
25	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the rough goat | the king and the great horn |  |  |  | of Greece | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present | the great horn | the first king |  |  |  | between goat's eyes | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings DAN.8.21, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:x2:2
# text = (Writings DAN.8.21, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	DAN.8.21	DAN.8.21	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In full measure, when Thou sendest her away, Thou dost contend with her; He hath removed her with His rough blast in the day of the east wind. (Prophets ISA.27.8, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* In full measure, when Thou sendest her away, Thou dost contend with her; He hath removed her with His rough blast in the day of the east wind.

<!-- fold The tree, 28 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:x3:1
# text = In full measure, when Thou sendest her away, Thou dost contend with her; He hath removed her with His rough blast in the day of the east wind.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	measure	measure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
6	Thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	7	nsubj	_	_
7	sendest	send	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	away	away	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	Thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	12	nsubj	_	_
12	dost	do	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
13	contend	contend	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	conj	_	_
14	with	with	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
18	hath	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
19	removed	remove	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	ccomp	_	_
20	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	obj	_	_
21	with	with	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	24	nmod:poss	_	_
23	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	blast	blast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
25	in	in	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
28	of	of	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
30	east	east	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	compound	_	_
31	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send away** | present | Thou | her *= she* |  | full measure |  | away *property* | vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent she=Theme |
| 2 | **do** | present | Thou |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **contend** | present | Thou *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with her *= she* | vn battle-36.4 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent with she=Co-Agent |
| 4 | **have** | present | He |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **remove** | past | He *not said here* | her *= she* |  |  | day | with His rough blast | vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent she=Theme |
| 6 | **blast** |  | His *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom blast «act transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets ISA.27.8, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:x3:2
# text = (Prophets ISA.27.8, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	ISA.27.8	ISA.27.8	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill shall be made low; and the rugged shall be made level, and the rough places a plain; (Prophets ISA.40.4, JPS 1917)

<!-- fold The tree, 32 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:x4:1
# text = Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill shall be made low; and the rugged shall be made level, and the rough places a plain; (Prophets ISA.40.4, JPS 1917)
1	Every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	lifted	lift	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	up	up	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
9	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	10	det	_	_
10	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
13	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
14	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	aux:pass	_	_
15	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
16	low	low	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	rugged	rugged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	nsubj:pass	_	_
21	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
22	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	aux:pass	_	_
23	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
24	level	level	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
28	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	places	place	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
30	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	plain	plain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
33	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	34	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
35	ISA.40.4	ISA.40.4	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	34	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
37	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	35	flat	_	_
38	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	35	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	34	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lift up** | shall · passive |  | every valley |  |  |  | the rough places *obl* | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | shall · passive |  | every mountain and hill |  |  |  | low *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |
| 3 | **make** | shall · passive |  | the rugged |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bark of the tree feels rough.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:x5:1
# text = The bark of the tree feels rough.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	feels	feel	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feel** | present | the bark of the tree |  |  |  |  | rough *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sandpaper is rough, but glass is smooth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:x6:1
# text = Sandpaper is rough, but glass is smooth.
1	Sandpaper	sandpaper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
5	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
6	glass	glass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	smooth	smooth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Sandpaper |  |  |  |  | rough *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | glass |  |  |  |  | smooth *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't be rough with the puppy.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:x7:1
# text = Don't be rough with the puppy.
1	Do	do	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
3	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	cop	_	_
4	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	puppy	puppy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **not** **is** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | with the puppy; rough *property* | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Make a rough estimate before you calculate.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:x8:1
# text = Make a rough estimate before you calculate.
1	Make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	estimate	estimate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	calculate	calculate	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | imperative | you *not said here* | a rough estimate |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset estimate=Product |
| 2 | **calculate** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Write a rough draft first, then check it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:x9:1
# text = Write a rough draft first, then check it.
1	Write	write	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	draft	draft	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	1	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	8	advmod	_	_
8	check	check	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	parataxis	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | imperative | you *not said here* | a rough draft |  |  |  | first *property* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent draft=Theme |
| 2 | **check** | infinitive |  | draft |  |  | then |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sea was too rough for swimming.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:x10:1
# text = The sea was too rough for swimming.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	too	too	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	swimming	swimming	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the sea |  |  |  |  | for swimming; rough *property* | tree rules |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I've had a rough day.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:x11:1
# text = I've had a rough day.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	've	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present · perfect | I |  |  |  | day |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 12 {#x12}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rough surfaces create more friction.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:x12:1
# text = Rough surfaces create more friction.
1	Rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	surfaces	surface	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	create	create	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	amod	_	_
5	friction	friction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **create** | present | Rough surfaces | more friction |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent friction=Result |

## Example 13 {#x13}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"It was a little rough--it wanted elegance."

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rough:x13:1
# text = "It was a little rough--it wanted elegance."
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	obl:unmarked	_	_
6	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	wanted	want	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
10	elegance	elegance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** *in a quote* | past | It |  |  |  |  | a little *obl:unmarked*; rough *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **want** *in a quote* | past | it | elegance |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot elegance=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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