---
title: rugged — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «rugged» in the Judaism dictionary: Rugged means rough and uneven, with rocks or bumps: rugged ground. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# rugged

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** they, I, paths, rugged places, stream, He · **What happens:** rug, mean, weather, lift up, make, come · **To what, where:** appearance, valley, mountain, rugged, holes, all · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«rugged» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [rugged in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/rugged.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rugged means rough and uneven, with rocks or bumps: rugged ground.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rugged:m1:1
# text = Rugged means rough and uneven, with rocks or bumps: rugged ground.
1	Rugged	rug	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	nsubj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	uneven	uneven	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	parataxis	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	bumps	bump	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
12	rugged	rugged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rug** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rugged also means strong and weathered in appearance: a rugged face.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rugged:m2:1
# text = Rugged also means strong and weathered in appearance: a rugged face.
1	Rugged	rug	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	nsubj	_	_
2	also	also	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	weathered	weather	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	appearance	appearance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	rugged	rugged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rug** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | strong *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **weather** | participle |  |  |  | appearance |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill shall be made low; and the rugged shall be made level, and the rough places a plain; (Prophets ISA.40.4, JPS 1917)

<!-- fold The tree, 32 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rugged:x1:1
# text = Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill shall be made low; and the rugged shall be made level, and the rough places a plain; (Prophets ISA.40.4, JPS 1917)
1	Every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	lifted	lift	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	up	up	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
9	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	10	det	_	_
10	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
13	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
14	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	aux:pass	_	_
15	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
16	low	low	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	rugged	rugged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	nsubj:pass	_	_
21	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
22	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	aux:pass	_	_
23	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
24	level	level	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
28	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	places	place	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
30	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	plain	plain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
33	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	34	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
35	ISA.40.4	ISA.40.4	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	34	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
37	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	35	flat	_	_
38	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	35	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	34	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lift up** | shall · passive |  | every valley |  |  |  | the rough places *obl* | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | shall · passive |  | every mountain and hill |  |  |  | low *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |
| 3 | **make** | shall · passive |  | the rugged |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And they shall come, and shall rest all of them in the rugged valleys, and in the holes of the rocks, and upon all thorns, and upon all brambles. (Prophets ISA.7.19, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* And they shall come, and shall rest all of them in the rugged valleys, and in the holes of the rocks, and upon all thorns, and upon all brambles.

<!-- fold The tree, 29 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rugged:x2:1
# text = And they shall come, and shall rest all of them in the rugged valleys, and in the holes of the rocks, and upon all thorns, and upon all brambles.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	come	come	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	rest	rest	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	_
9	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	8	obj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nmod	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	rugged	rugged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	valleys	valley	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	holes	hole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
26	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	28	det	_	_
28	thorns	thorn	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
30	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
31	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	33	det	_	_
33	brambles	bramble	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | shall | they |  |  | the holes of the rocks and all thorns and all brambles |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in hole=Location |
| 2 | **rest** | shall | they *not said here* | all |  | the rugged valleys |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V NP.theme PP»: agent=Agent all=Theme in valley=Location |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets ISA.7.19, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rugged:x2:2
# text = (Prophets ISA.7.19, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	ISA.7.19	ISA.7.19	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And I will bring the blind by a way that they knew not, in paths that they knew not will I lead them; I will make darkness light before them, and rugged places plain. (Prophets ISA.42.16, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* And I will bring the blind by a way that they knew not, in paths that they knew not will I lead them; I will make darkness light before them, and rugged places plain.

<!-- fold The tree, 34 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rugged:x3:1
# text = And I will bring the blind by a way that they knew not, in paths that they knew not will I lead them; I will make darkness light before them, and rugged places plain.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	bring	bring	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	blind	blind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	obj	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
10	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
11	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
13	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	12	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	paths	path	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
17	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
18	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
19	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	acl:relcl	_	_
20	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	19	advmod	_	_
21	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
22	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
23	lead	lead	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	ccomp	_	_
24	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
26	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	28	nsubj	_	_
27	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	28	aux	_	_
28	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	parataxis	_	_
29	darkness	darkness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	compound	_	_
30	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obj	_	_
31	before	before	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	28	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
34	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
35	rugged	rugged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	36	amod	_	_
36	places	place	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	37	nsubj	_	_
37	plain	plain	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bring** | future | I | the blind |  | paths |  | by a way | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent blind=Theme |
| 2 | **not** **know** | past | they |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **not** **know** | past | paths *= path* | paths *not said here* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **lead** | future | I | paths *= path* |  |  |  |  | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |
| 5 | **make** | future | I | darkness light |  |  | before paths *= path* |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent light=Product |
| 6 | **plain** | present | rugged places |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets ISA.42.16, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rugged:x3:2
# text = (Prophets ISA.42.16, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	ISA.42.16	ISA.42.16	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They continued across the rugged heath.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rugged:x4:1
# text = They continued across the rugged heath.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	continued	continue	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	across	across	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	rugged	rugged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	heath	heath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **continue** | past | They |  |  | the rugged heath |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme across heath=Initial\_Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The stream had sharp and rugged rocks.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rugged:x5:1
# text = The stream had sharp and rugged rocks.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stream	stream	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	rugged	rugged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
7	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the stream | sharp rocks |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rock=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He had a rugged face lit by a smile.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:rugged:x6:1
# text = He had a rugged face lit by a smile.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	rugged	rugged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	lit	lit	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	smile	smile	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | He | a rugged face |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent face=Patient |
| 2 | **lit** | participle |  | a rugged face *not said here* |  |  |  | by a smile | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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