---
title: saying — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «saying» in the Judaism dictionary: A saying is a short, well-known phrase that gives advice or states something many people believe to be true, such as «Practice makes perfect». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# saying

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** saying, short known phrase, many people, Practice, God, Ephron · **What happens:** know, be, give, state, believe, make · **To what, where:** short known phrase, advice, something, ing form, Torah GEN.8.15, Abraham · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«saying» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 13 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [saying in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/saying.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A saying is a short, well-known phrase that gives advice or states something many people believe to be true, such as «Practice makes perfect».

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:saying:m1:1
# text = A saying is a short, well-known phrase that gives advice or states something many people believe to be true, such as «Practice makes perfect».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	saying	saying	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
5	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	known	know	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	amod	_	_
10	phrase	phrase	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	gives	give	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	_
13	advice	advice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	states	state	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	conj	_	_
16	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	15	obj	_	_
17	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj	_	_
19	believe	believe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	acl:relcl	_	_
20	to	to	PART	TO	_	22	mark	_	_
21	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	cop	_	_
22	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
24	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=SCONJ	28	mark	_	_
25	as	as	ADP	IN	_	24	fixed	_	_
26	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	Practice	practice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nsubj	_	_
28	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	parataxis	_	_
29	perfect	perfect	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **know** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | well *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **is a** | present | a saying | a short known phrase |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **give** | present | a short known phrase | advice |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent advice=Theme |
| 4 | **state** *speech: other* | present | a short known phrase *not said here* | something |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent something=Topic |
| 5 | **believe** | present | many people |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |
| 6 | **is** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |
| 7 | **make** *in a quote* | present | Practice |  |  |  |  | perfect *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Saying is the -ing form of say: speaking words.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:saying:m2:1
# text = Saying is the -ing form of say: speaking words.
1	Saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	csubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	ing	ing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	say	say	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
10	speaking	speak	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	amod	_	_
11	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Saying | the ing form |  |  |  | of say; speaking words *obl* | tree rules |
| 3 | **speak** *speech: other* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And God spoke unto Noah, saying: (Torah GEN.8.15, JPS 1917)

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:saying:x1:1
# text = And God spoke unto Noah, saying: (Torah GEN.8.15, JPS 1917)
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Noah	Noah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
9	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	GEN.8.15	GEN.8.15	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	flat	_	_
14	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | God |  |  |  |  | unto Noah | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund | God *not said here* | Torah GEN.8.15 |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent gen.8.15=Topic |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And Ephron answered Abraham, saying unto him: (Torah GEN.23.14, JPS 1917)

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:saying:x2:1
# text = And Ephron answered Abraham, saying unto him: (Torah GEN.23.14, JPS 1917)
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	Ephron	Ephron	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	answered	answer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	Abraham	Abraham	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
7	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
10	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	parataxis	_	_
12	GEN.23.14	GEN.23.14	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	flat	_	_
15	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	14	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **answer** *speech: assert* | past | Ephron |  | Abraham |  |  |  | vn reciprocate-112-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent abraham=Eventuality |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund | Ephron *not said here* |  |  |  |  | unto Ephron | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And the LORD spoke unto Moses, saying: (Torah EXO.6.10, JPS 1917)

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:saying:x3:1
# text = And the LORD spoke unto Moses, saying: (Torah EXO.6.10, JPS 1917)
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	LORD	LORD	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Moses	Moses	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
10	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	EXO.6.10	EXO.6.10	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	flat	_	_
15	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	12	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | the LORD |  |  |  |  | unto Moses | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund | the LORD *not said here* | Torah EXO.6.10 |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent exo.6.10=Topic |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And Solomon sent to Hiram, saying: (Prophets 1KI.5.16, JPS 1917)

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:saying:x4:1
# text = And Solomon sent to Hiram, saying: (Prophets 1KI.5.16, JPS 1917)
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	Solomon	Solomon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sent	send	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Hiram	Hiram	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
9	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
11	1KI.5.16	1KI.5.16	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	10	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nmod:unmarked	_	_
14	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send** | past | Solomon | 1917  JPS | Hiram |  |  |  | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent to hiram=Destination |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund | Solomon *not said here* | Prophets |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent prophet=Topic |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And the LORD spoke unto Joshua, saying: (Prophets JOS.4.15, JPS 1917)

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:saying:x5:1
# text = And the LORD spoke unto Joshua, saying: (Prophets JOS.4.15, JPS 1917)
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	LORD	LORD	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Joshua	Joshua	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
10	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
12	JOS.4.15	JOS.4.15	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	flat	_	_
15	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	12	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | the LORD | Prophets |  |  |  | unto Joshua | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund | the LORD *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
These also are sayings of the wise. (Writings PRO.24.23, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* These also are sayings of the wise.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:saying:x6:1
# text = These also are sayings of the wise.
1	These	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	4	nsubj	_	_
2	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	sayings	saying	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	wise	wise	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | These | sayings |  |  |  | of the wise | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings PRO.24.23, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:saying:x6:2
# text = (Writings PRO.24.23, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	PRO.24.23	PRO.24.23	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Look before you leap» is an old saying.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:saying:x7:1
# text = «Look before you leap» is an old saying.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Look	look	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	10	nsubj	_	_
3	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
4	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	leap	leap	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	saying	saying	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **leap** *in a quote* | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is a** | present |  | a old saying |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As the saying goes, practice makes perfect.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:saying:x8:1
# text = As the saying goes, practice makes perfect.
1	As	as	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	saying	saying	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	practice	practice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	perfect	perfect	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | present | the saying |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | present | practice |  |  |  |  | perfect *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
What is she saying?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:saying:x9:1
# text = What is she saying?
1	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	4	obj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present · progressive | she |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent what=Topic |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It goes without saying that you should wear a helmet.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:saying:x10:1
# text = It goes without saying that you should wear a helmet.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
4	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
5	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	wear	wear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	ccomp	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	helmet	helmet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | present | It |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **wear** | should | you | a helmet |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent helmet=Theme |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandma has a saying for everything.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:saying:x11:1
# text = Grandma has a saying for everything.
1	Grandma	grandma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	saying	saying	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	everything	everything	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Grandma | a saying |  |  |  | for everything | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent saying=Patient |

## Example 12 {#x12}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He left without saying goodbye.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:saying:x12:1
# text = He left without saying goodbye.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
4	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
5	goodbye	goodbye	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past | He |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund | He *not said here* | goodbye |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent goodbye=Topic |

## Example 13 {#x13}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Do you know the saying «Many hands make light work»?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:saying:x13:1
# text = Do you know the saying «Many hands make light work»?
1	Do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
2	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	know	know	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	saying	saying	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
9	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	ccomp	_	_
10	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **know** | present · do-support | you | the saying |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer saying=Stimulus |
| 2 | **make** *in a quote* | present | Many hands | light work |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset work=Product |

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**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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