---
title: shorter — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «shorter» in the Judaism dictionary: Shorter means having less length than something else. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# shorter

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Shorter, Tom, upper chambers, galleries, blue ribbon, Days · **What happens:** mean, have, be, last, take away, get · **To what, where:** less length, these, shorter pencil, 's, shorter path, park · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«shorter» in the Judaism dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 10 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [shorter in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/shorter.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Shorter means having less length than something else.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:shorter:m1:1
# text = Shorter means having less length than something else.
1	Shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	less	less	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	amod	_	_
5	length	length	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	than	than	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	nmod	_	_
8	else	else	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Shorter |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **have** *not said to happen* | gerund | Shorter *not said here* | less length |  |  |  | than something | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent length=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Shorter means less tall: «Tom is shorter than Max».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:shorter:m2:1
# text = Shorter means less tall: «Tom is shorter than Max».
1	Shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	4	advmod	_	_
4	tall	tall	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	Tom	Tom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	parataxis	_	_
10	than	than	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Max	Max	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Shorter |  |  |  |  | tall *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **is** *in a quote* | present | Tom |  |  |  |  | than Max; short *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Shorter means lasting less time: «a shorter way home».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:shorter:m3:1
# text = Shorter means lasting less time: «a shorter way home».
1	Shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	lasting	last	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	less	less	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	amod	_	_
5	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	2	punct	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	10	amod	_	_
10	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	_
11	home	home	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Shorter |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **last** *not said to happen* | gerund | Shorter *not said here* |  |  |  | time |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Now the upper chambers were shorter; for the galleries took away from these, more than from the lower and the middlemost, in the building. (Prophets EZK.42.5, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Now the upper chambers were shorter; for the galleries took away from these, more than from the lower and the middlemost, in the building.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:shorter:x1:1
# text = Now the upper chambers were shorter; for the galleries took away from these, more than from the lower and the middlemost, in the building.
1	Now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	6	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	chambers	chamber	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
5	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	galleries	gallery	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
11	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
12	away	away	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
13	from	from	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	these	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	conj	_	_
17	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	_
18	from	from	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	advcl	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	middlemost	middlemost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
25	in	in	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	building	building	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the upper chambers |  |  |  | now | short *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **take away** | past | the galleries |  |  | these |  | away *property* | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent from this=Initial\_Location |
| 3 | **be** |  | the upper chambers *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets EZK.42.5, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:shorter:x1:2
# text = (Prophets EZK.42.5, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	EZK.42.5	EZK.42.5	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The blue ribbon is 2 metres shorter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:shorter:x2:1
# text = The blue ribbon is 2 metres shorter.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	blue	blue	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	ribbon	ribbon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	metres	metre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl:unmarked	_	_
7	shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the blue ribbon |  |  |  |  | 2 metres *obl:unmarked*; short *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tom is 10 centimetres shorter than Max.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:shorter:x3:1
# text = Tom is 10 centimetres shorter than Max.
1	Tom	Tom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	centimetres	centimetre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl:unmarked	_	_
5	shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
6	than	than	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Max	Max	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Tom |  |  |  |  | than Max; 10 centimetres *obl:unmarked*; short *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How much shorter is the pencil than the ruler?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:shorter:x4:1
# text = How much shorter is the pencil than the ruler?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	advmod	_	_
3	shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	amod	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	pencil	pencil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	than	than	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	ruler	ruler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | the shorter pencil |  |  |  | than the ruler | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Days get shorter in winter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:shorter:x5:1
# text = Days get shorter in winter.
1	Days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	get	get	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	xcomp	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | present | Days |  |  |  |  | short *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Let's take the shorter path through the park.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:shorter:x6:1
# text = Let's take the shorter path through the park.
1	Let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	1	obj	_	_
3	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	amod	_	_
6	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	through	through	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	park	park	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **let** | imperative | you *not said here* | 's |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **take** | infinitive | 's *not said here* | the shorter path |  | the park |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent path=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My little brother is shorter than me.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:shorter:x7:1
# text = My little brother is shorter than me.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	brother	brother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
6	than	than	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | My little brother |  |  |  |  | than me; short *property* | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The shortest days of the year come in winter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:shorter:x8:1
# text = The shortest days of the year come in winter.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	shortest	short	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	3	amod	_	_
3	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	come	come	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | the shortest days of the year |  |  |  | winter |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The new film is shorter than the old one.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:shorter:x9:1
# text = The new film is shorter than the old one.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	film	film	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
6	than	than	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the new film |  |  |  |  | than the old one; short *property* | tree rules |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"We must keep to the left; it is much shorter."

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:shorter:x10:1
# text = "We must keep to the left; it is much shorter."
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	left	left	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
11	much	much	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** *in a quote* | must | We |  |  |  |  | to the left | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** *in a quote* | present | left |  |  |  |  | short *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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