---
title: sophistical — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «sophistical» in the Judaism dictionary: Using clever but false arguments that seem true but are not. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# sophistical

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**Who acts:** clever arguments, other commentaries · **What happens:** use, seem, mention, contain, quote, distort · **To what, where:** clever arguments, other commentaries, nothing, other expounders, scriptural verses

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«sophistical» in the Judaism dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 1 example, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [sophistical in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/sophistical.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Using clever but false arguments that seem true but are not.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:sophistical:m1:1
# text = Using clever but false arguments that seem true but are not.
1	Using	use	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	0	root	_	_
2	clever	clever	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
3	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	false	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
5	arguments	argument	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	seem	seem	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	_
9	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | gerund |  | clever arguments |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent argument=Patient |
| 2 | **seem** | present | clever arguments |  |  |  |  | true *property* | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
All the other commentaries mentioned above, together with all quotations of other expounders of the same book, contain nothing but a medley of arbitrary, mystical explanations and sophistical distortions of scriptural verses, astrological notions, oriental (Sefer Yetzirah, Kalisch 1877)

<!-- fold The tree, 39 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:sophistical:x1:1
# text = All the other commentaries mentioned above, together with all quotations of other expounders of the same book, contain nothing but a medley of arbitrary, mystical explanations and sophistical distortions of scriptural verses, astrological notions, oriental (Sefer Yetzirah, Kalisch 1877)
1	All	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	4	det:predet	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	commentaries	commentary	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nsubj	_	_
5	mentioned	mention	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	above	above	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	together	together	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	11	det	_	_
11	quotations	quotation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	expounders	expounder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	contain	contain	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
21	nothing	nothing	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	20	obj	_	_
22	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
23	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	medley	medley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	arbitrary	arbitrary	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
28	mystical	mystical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	explanations	explanation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	conj	_	_
30	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
31	sophistical	sophistical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	amod	_	_
32	distortions	distortion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	conj	_	_
33	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	scriptural	scriptural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	35	amod	_	_
35	verses	verse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	32	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	38	punct	_	_
37	astrological	astrological	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	38	amod	_	_
38	notions	notion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	35	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	40	punct	_	_
40	oriental	oriental	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	parataxis	_	_
41	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	42	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	40	appos	_	_
43	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	42	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
44	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	45	punct	_	_
45	Kalisch	Kalisch	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	42	conj	_	_
46	1877	1877	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	45	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	42	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mention** *speech: other* | participle |  | all other commentaries *not said here* |  |  |  | with all quotations of other expounders of the same book; above, together *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **contain** | present | all other commentaries | nothing |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot nothing=Theme |
| 3 | **quote** |  |  | other expounders of the same book |  |  |  |  | nom quotation «communication transitive»: of=patient |
| 4 | **distort** |  |  | scriptural verses and astrological notions |  |  |  |  | nom distortion «event transitive»: of=patient |

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**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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