---
title: southern — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «southern» in the Judaism dictionary: Southern means in or from the south part of a place. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# southern

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Southern, measure, Their, Australia, We, Southern Ocean · **What happens:** mean, face, go, be, measure, drive · **To what, where:** south, Twelve Diagonal Borders, Southern Hemisphere, southern coast, southern states, southern lands · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«southern» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [southern in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/southern.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Southern means in or from the south part of a place.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:southern:m1:1
# text = Southern means in or from the south part of a place.
1	Southern	southern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	south	South	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Southern |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Southern means facing or going towards the south.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:southern:m2:1
# text = Southern means facing or going towards the south.
1	Southern	southern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	facing	face	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	ccomp	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	going	go	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	conj	_	_
6	towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	south	south	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Southern |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **face** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **go** | gerund |  |  |  | the south |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme towards south=Initial\_Location |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Their measure is the Twelve Diagonal Borders: Northeastern border, Southeastern border, Upper-Eastern border, Lower-Western border, Upper-Northern border, Lower-Northern border, Southwestern border, Northwestern border, Upper-Western border, Lower-Western border, Upper-Southern border, Lower-Southern border. (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Their measure is the Twelve Diagonal Borders: Northeastern border, Southeastern border, Upper-Eastern border, Lower-Western border, Upper-Northern border, Lower-Northern border, Southwestern border, Northwestern border, Upper-Western border, Lower-Western border, Upper-Southern border, Lower-Southern border.

<!-- fold The tree, 39 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:southern:x1:1
# text = Their measure is the Twelve Diagonal Borders: Northeastern border, Southeastern border, Upper-Eastern border, Lower-Western border, Upper-Northern border, Lower-Northern border, Southwestern border, Northwestern border, Upper-Western border, Lower-Western border, Upper-Southern border, Lower-Southern border.
1	Their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	measure	measure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	Twelve	twelve	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
6	Diagonal	Diagonal	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	Borders	border	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
9	Northeastern	northeastern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	Southeastern	southeastern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	Upper	Upper	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	Eastern	eastern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
20	Lower	Lower	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	Western	western	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
25	Upper	Upper	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	Northern	northern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
28	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
30	Lower	Lower	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	33	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	30	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	Northern	northern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
35	Southwestern	southwestern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	36	amod	_	_
36	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	39	punct	_	_
38	Northwestern	Northwestern	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	39	compound	_	_
39	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	44	punct	_	_
41	Upper	Upper	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	44	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	41	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	Western	western	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	44	amod	_	_
44	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
45	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	49	punct	_	_
46	Lower	Lower	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	49	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	46	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
48	Western	western	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	49	amod	_	_
49	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
50	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	54	punct	_	_
51	Upper	Upper	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	54	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
52	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	51	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
53	Southern	southern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	54	amod	_	_
54	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
55	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	59	punct	_	_
56	Lower	Lower	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	59	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
57	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	56	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
58	Southern	southern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	59	amod	_	_
59	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
60	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Their measure | the Twelve Diagonal Borders |  |  |  | Northeastern border  Southeastern border  Upper Eastern border  Northwestern border  Upper Western border  Lower Western border  Upper Southern border  Lower Southern border and Lower Western border and Upper Northern border and Lower Northern border and Southwestern border *nmod* | tree rules |
| 2 | **measure** |  | Their *= they* |  |  |  |  |  | nom measure «act transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:southern:x1:2
# text = (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	Sefaria	Sefaria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
6	community	community	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	translation	translation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Australia is in the Southern Hemisphere.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:southern:x2:1
# text = Australia is in the Southern Hemisphere.
1	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	Southern	Southern	PROPN	NNP	_	6	compound	_	_
6	Hemisphere	hemisphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Australia |  |  | the Southern Hemisphere |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We drove to the southern coast.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:southern:x3:1
# text = We drove to the southern coast.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	drove	drive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	southern	southern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	coast	coast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drive** | past | We |  |  | the southern coast |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent to coast=Trajectory |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Southern Ocean is very cold and stormy.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:southern:x4:1
# text = The Southern Ocean is very cold and stormy.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Southern	Southern	PROPN	NNP	_	3	flat	_	_
3	Ocean	Ocean	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	very	very	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	stormy	stormy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the Southern Ocean |  |  |  |  | cold *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | the Southern Ocean *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the southern states of the USA, summers are hot.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:southern:x5:1
# text = In the southern states of the USA, summers are hot.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	southern	southern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	states	state	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	USA	USA	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
9	summers	summer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
10	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | summers |  |  | the southern states of the USA |  | hot *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Penguins live in southern lands near Antarctica.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:southern:x6:1
# text = Penguins live in southern lands near Antarctica.
1	Penguins	penguin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	southern	southern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	lands	land	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	near	near	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Antarctica	Antarctica	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | present | Penguins |  |  | southern lands near Antarctica |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in land=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The southern lights glow over Antarctica.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:southern:x7:1
# text = The southern lights glow over Antarctica.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	southern	southern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	lights	light	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	glow	glow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	over	over	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Antarctica	Antarctica	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **glow** | present | the southern lights |  |  | Antarctica |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over antarctica=Location |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
At length he reached the southern side of the rocky heights of Parnassus, beneath which lay the harbour of Crissa.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:southern:x8:1
# text = At length he reached the southern side of the rocky heights of Parnassus, beneath which lay the harbour of Crissa.
1	At	at	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	length	length	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
3	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	reached	reach	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	southern	southern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	rocky	rocky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	heights	height	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Parnassus	Parnassus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	beneath	beneath	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	17	nsubj	_	_
17	lay	lie	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	harbour	harbour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	Crissa	Crissa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reach** | past | he | the southern side of the rocky heights of Parnassus |  | length |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.source NP.asset»: agent=Agent side=Theme at length=Asset |
| 2 | **lie** | past |  | the harbour of Crissa |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location harbour=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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