---
title: substitute — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «substitute» in the Judaism dictionary: A substitute is a person or thing used instead of another. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# substitute

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** substitute, player, substitute teacher, teacher, usual teacher, UK · **What happens:** be, use, come on, replace, substitute, take · **To what, where:** person, player, sport, place, teacher, class

<!-- .vabout -->
«substitute» in the Judaism dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [substitute in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/substitute.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A substitute is a person or thing used instead of another.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:substitute:m1:1
# text = A substitute is a person or thing used instead of another.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	substitute	substitute	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
9	instead	instead	ADV	RB	ExtPos=ADP	11	case	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	fixed	_	_
11	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a substitute | a person or thing |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | a person or thing *not said here* |  |  |  | instead another | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In sport a substitute (a «sub») is a player who comes on to replace another player.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:substitute:m2:1
# text = In sport a substitute (a «sub») is a player who comes on to replace another player.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	sport	sport	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	substitute	substitute	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
5	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	sub	sub	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	8	punct	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	player	player	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
14	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	15	nsubj	_	_
15	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	acl:relcl	_	_
16	on	on	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
17	to	to	PART	TO	_	18	mark	_	_
18	replace	replace	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	advcl	_	_
19	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	20	det	_	_
20	player	player	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a substitute | a player |  | sport |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **come on** | present | a player |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **replace** | to-infinitive | a player *not said here* | another player |  |  |  |  | vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme player=Co-Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To substitute is to put one thing in the place of another.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:substitute:m3:1
# text = To substitute is to put one thing in the place of another.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	substitute	substitute	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	put	put	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **substitute** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn substitute-13.6.2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  | the place of another |  | put *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A substitute teacher is a teacher who takes a class when the usual teacher is away (USA: substitute teacher; UK: supply teacher; Australia: relief teacher).

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:substitute:m4:1
# text = A substitute teacher is a teacher who takes a class when the usual teacher is away (USA: substitute teacher; UK: supply teacher; Australia: relief teacher).
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	substitute	substitute	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	takes	take	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	16	mark	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	usual	usual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
15	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
16	away	away	ADV	RB	_	8	advcl	_	_
17	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	USA	USA	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
20	substitute	substitute	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	conj	_	_
21	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	26	punct	_	_
23	UK	UK	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	26	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	26	punct	_	_
25	supply	supply	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	compound	_	_
26	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	28	punct	_	_
28	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	26	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	31	punct	_	_
30	relief	relief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	compound	_	_
31	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a substitute teacher | a teacher |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **take** | present | a teacher | a class |  |  |  | USA *obl* | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent class=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | present | the usual teacher |  |  |  |  | away *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **substitute** | infinitive | a teacher *not said here* | teacher |  |  |  |  | vn substitute-13.6.2 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Theme teacher=Location |
| 5 | **teacher** |  | UK |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We had a substitute teacher today.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:substitute:x1:1
# text = We had a substitute teacher today.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	substitute	substitute	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | We | a substitute teacher |  |  | today |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent teacher=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He came on as a substitute in the second half.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:substitute:x2:1
# text = He came on as a substitute in the second half.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	as	as	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	substitute	substitute	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	second	second	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	10	amod	_	_
10	half	half	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come on** | past | He |  |  |  |  | as a substitute in the second half | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You can substitute honey for sugar in this recipe.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:substitute:x3:1
# text = You can substitute honey for sugar in this recipe.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	substitute	substitute	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	honey	honey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	sugar	sugar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	9	det	_	_
9	recipe	recipe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **substitute** | can | You | honey |  | this recipe |  | for sugar | vn substitute-13.6.2 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Theme honey=Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Substitute 4 for x: 2 × 4 = 8.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:substitute:x4:1
# text = Substitute 4 for x: 2 × 4 = 8.
1	Substitute	substitute	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	1	flat	_	_
3	for	for	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	x	x	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
6	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	flat	_	_
7	×	×	SYM	SYM	_	8	case	_	_
8	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nmod	_	_
9	=	=	SYM	SYM	_	10	case	_	_
10	8	8	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There is no substitute for practice.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:substitute:x5:1
# text = There is no substitute for practice.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	4	det	_	_
4	substitute	substitute	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	practice	practice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present | no substitute for practice |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sub scored the winning goal.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:substitute:x6:1
# text = The sub scored the winning goal.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sub	sub	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	scored	score	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	winning	win	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	amod	_	_
6	goal	goal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **score** | past | the sub | the winning goal |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent goal=Theme |
| 2 | **win** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She substituted a pencil for the broken pen.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:substitute:x7:1
# text = She substituted a pencil for the broken pen.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	substituted	substitute	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	pencil	pencil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
8	pen	pen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **substitute** | past | She | a pencil |  |  |  | for the broken pen | vn substitute-13.6.2 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Theme pencil=Location |
| 2 | **break** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He therefore insisted on Heracles substituting two more labours in their place.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:substitute:x8:1
# text = He therefore insisted on Heracles substituting two more labours in their place.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	therefore	therefore	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	insisted	insist	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Heracles	Heracles	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	substituting	substitute	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
7	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
8	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	9	amod	_	_
9	labours	labour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **insist** *speech: other* | past | He |  |  | Heracles |  | therefore *property* | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **substitute** | gerund | He *not said here* | two more labours |  | labours's place |  |  | vn substitute-13.6.2 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Theme labour=Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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