---
title: swear — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «swear» in the Judaism dictionary: To swear is to use rude or bad words. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/S/swear/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/) / [S](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/S/) / swear

# swear

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** serious promise, Abraham, I, he, Pharaoh, thee · **What happens:** swear, be, say, promise, do, go up · **To what, where:** something, someone, job, father, thee, faithfulness · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«swear» in the Judaism dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 15 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [swear in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/swear.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To swear is to use rude or bad words.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:m1:1
# text = To swear is to use rude or bad words.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	swear	swear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	use	use	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	_
9	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | use *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To swear is also to make a serious promise or say something is really true.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:m2:1
# text = To swear is also to make a serious promise or say something is really true.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	swear	swear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	serious	serious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	promise	promise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	acl	_	_
12	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	11	obj	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	really	really	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
15	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | make *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | infinitive | a serious promise *not said here* | something |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent something=Topic |
| 4 | **is** | present | a serious promise |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To swear someone in is to make them promise to do a job honestly, like a judge or president.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:m3:1
# text = To swear someone in is to make them promise to do a job honestly, like a judge or president.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	swear	swear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	2	obl	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	promise	promise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	honestly	honestly	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
16	like	like	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	judge	judge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	parataxis	_	_
19	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	president	president	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | to-infinitive |  | someone |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Agent someone=Eventuality |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | make *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **promise** *speech: promise* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn promise-37.13 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **do** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | a job |  |  |  | honestly *property* | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent job=Eventuality |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And Abraham said: 'I will swear.' (Torah GEN.21.24, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* And Abraham said: 'I will swear.'

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x1:1
# text = And Abraham said: 'I will swear.'
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	Abraham	Abraham	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
5	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	swear	swear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Abraham |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **swear** | future | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Torah GEN.21.24, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x1:2
# text = (Torah GEN.21.24, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	GEN.21.24	GEN.21.24	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And he said: 'Swear unto me.' And he swore unto him. (Torah GEN.47.31, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* And he said: 'Swear unto me.'

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x2:1
# text = And he said: 'Swear unto me.'
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
5	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	Swear	swear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	_
7	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | he |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **swear** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | unto me | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* And he swore unto him.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x2:2
# text = And he swore unto him.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	swore	swear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | past | he |  |  |  |  | unto him *= he* | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 3:* (Torah GEN.47.31, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x2:3
# text = (Torah GEN.47.31, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	GEN.47.31	GEN.47.31	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And Pharaoh said: 'Go up, and bury thy father, according as he made thee swear.' (Torah GEN.50.6, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* And Pharaoh said: 'Go up, and bury thy father, according as he made thee swear.'

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x3:1
# text = And Pharaoh said: 'Go up, and bury thy father, according as he made thee swear.'
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	Pharaoh	Pharaoh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
5	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	Go	go	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
7	up	up	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	bury	bury	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
11	thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	father	father	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	according	accord	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
15	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
16	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
17	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	advcl	_	_
18	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	17	obj	_	_
19	swear	swear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Pharaoh |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **go up** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
| 3 | **bury** | infinitive |  | thy father |  |  |  |  | vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent father=Theme |
| 4 | **accord** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **make** | past | Pharaoh | thee |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **swear** | infinitive | thee *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Torah GEN.50.6, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x3:2
# text = (Torah GEN.50.6, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	GEN.50.6	GEN.50.6	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And though they say: 'As the LORD liveth', surely they swear falsely. (Prophets JER.5.2, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* And though they say: 'As the LORD liveth', surely they swear falsely.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x4:1
# text = And though they say: 'As the LORD liveth', surely they swear falsely.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
2	though	though	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
3	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
6	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	As	as	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	LORD	LORD	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
10	liveth	live	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	',	',	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	_
12	surely	surely	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
13	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	swear	swear	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	advcl	_	_
15	falsely	falsely	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | they |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **live** | present | they *not said here* |  |  |  |  | as the LORD | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **swear** | present | they |  |  |  |  | falsely, surely *property* | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets JER.5.2, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x4:2
# text = (Prophets JER.5.2, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	JER.5.2	JER.5.2	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Where are Thy former mercies, O Lord, which Thou didst swear unto David in Thy faithfulness? (Writings PSA.89.50, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Where are Thy former mercies, O Lord, which Thou didst swear unto David in Thy faithfulness?

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x5:1
# text = Where are Thy former mercies, O Lord, which Thou didst swear unto David in Thy faithfulness?
1	Where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	0	root	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	cop	_	_
3	Thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	former	former	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	mercies	mercy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	O	o	INTJ	UH	_	8	discourse	_	_
8	Lord	Lord	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
11	Thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	12	nsubj	_	_
12	didst	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
13	swear	swear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	xcomp	_	_
14	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	David	David	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	Thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	faithfulness	faithfulness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Thy former mercies |  |  |  |  | where *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **do** | past | Thy former mercies |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **swear** | infinitive | Thy former mercies *not said here* |  |  | Thy faithfulness |  | unto David | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings PSA.89.50, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x5:2
# text = (Writings PSA.89.50, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	PSA.89.50	PSA.89.50	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Swearing and lying, and killing, and stealing, and committing adultery! they break all bounds, and blood toucheth blood. (Prophets HOS.4.2, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Swearing and lying, and killing, and stealing, and committing adultery! they break all bounds, and blood toucheth blood.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x6:1
# text = Swearing and lying, and killing, and stealing, and committing adultery! they break all bounds, and blood toucheth blood.
1	Swearing	swear	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	16	advcl	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	lying	lie	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	killing	kill	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	stealing	stealing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	committing	commit	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	1	conj	_	_
13	adultery	adultery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
15	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	break	break	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
17	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	18	det	_	_
18	bounds	bound	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
21	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj	_	_
22	toucheth	touch	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	parataxis	_	_
23	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	16	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | gerund | they *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **lie** | gerund | they *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **kill** | gerund | they *not said here* | stealing |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stealing=Theme |
| 4 | **commit** | gerund | they *not said here* | adultery |  |  |  |  | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent adultery=Theme |
| 5 | **break** | present | they | all bounds |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer bound=Patient |
| 6 | **touch** | present | blood | blood |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme blood=Co-Theme |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets HOS.4.2, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x6:2
# text = (Prophets HOS.4.2, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	HOS.4.2	HOS.4.2	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Please don't swear in class.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x7:1
# text = Please don't swear in class.
1	Please	please	INTJ	UH	_	4	discourse	_	_
2	do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	swear	swear	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **swear** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* |  |  | class |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He swore he had not eaten the last biscuit.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x8:1
# text = He swore he had not eaten the last biscuit.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	swore	swear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
4	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
6	eaten	eat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	ccomp	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	biscuit	biscuit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | past | He |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **not** **eat** | past · perfect | he | the last biscuit |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent biscuit=Patient |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I swear I will help you tomorrow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x9:1
# text = I swear I will help you tomorrow.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	swear	swear	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
4	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	help	help	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	ccomp	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	_
7	tomorrow	tomorrow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | present | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **help** | future | I |  | you |  | tomorrow |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent you=Beneficiary |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The witness swore to tell the truth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x10:1
# text = The witness swore to tell the truth.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	witness	witness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	swore	swear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	tell	tell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	truth	truth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | past | the witness |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **tell** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive | the witness *not said here* | the truth |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent truth=Recipient |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The new mayor was sworn in today.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x11:1
# text = The new mayor was sworn in today.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	mayor	mayor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | past · passive |  | the new mayor |  |  | today |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V NP to be NP»: subject=Eventuality |

## Example 12 {#x12}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The knights swore to protect the king.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x12:1
# text = The knights swore to protect the king.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	knights	knight	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	swore	swear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	protect	protect	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | past | the knights |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **protect** | to-infinitive | the knights *not said here* |  | the king |  |  |  | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent king=Beneficiary |

## Example 13 {#x13}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some films have swear words in them.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x13:1
# text = Some films have swear words in them.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	films	film	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	swear	swear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | some films | swear words |  |  |  | in words *= word* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Patient |

## Example 14 {#x14}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The two cats are sworn enemies.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x14:1
# text = The two cats are sworn enemies.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	cats	cat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	enemies	enemy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | the two cats | sworn enemies |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 15 {#x15}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
“I swear to you I did not do it!”

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:swear:x15:1
# text = “I swear to you I did not do it!”
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	swear	swear	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	obl	_	_
6	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
7	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** *in a quote* | present | I |  | you |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **not** **do** *in a quote* | past · do-support | I | it |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Eventuality |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [sway](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/S/sway/)
- next →: [swearer](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/S/swearer/)
- ↑ back to [S in Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/S/)