---
title: testament — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «testament» in the Judaism dictionary: The Old Testament and the New Testament are the two main parts of the Christian Bible: the Old Testament has the Hebrew scriptures, and the New Testament tells of Jesus and the early Church. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# testament

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Old Testament, New Testament, testament, bridge, their, Hebrew grammarians · **What happens:** be, have, tell, work, come, believe · **To what, where:** two main parts, Hebrew scriptures, clear proof, testament, Arab grammarians, ortho graphy · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«testament» in the Judaism dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [testament in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/testament.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: Bible — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Old Testament and the New Testament are the two main parts of the Christian Bible: the Old Testament has the Hebrew scriptures, and the New Testament tells of Jesus and the early Church.

<!-- fold The tree, 34 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testament:m1:1
# text = The Old Testament and the New Testament are the two main parts of the Christian Bible: the Old Testament has the Hebrew scriptures, and the New Testament tells of Jesus and the early Church.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	Testament	Testament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	New	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	Testament	Testament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
10	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
11	main	main	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	Christian	Christian	PROPN	NNP	_	16	flat	_	_
16	Bible	Bible	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	21	punct	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	Testament	Testament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
21	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	parataxis	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
23	Hebrew	hebrew	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	scriptures	scripture	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
28	New	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	Testament	Testament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	30	nsubj	_	_
30	tells	tell	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	conj	_	_
31	of	of	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	Jesus	Jesus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	_
33	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	36	cc	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
35	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	36	amod	_	_
36	Church	church	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the Old Testament and the New Testament | the two main parts |  |  |  | of the Christian Bible | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** | present | the Old Testament | the Hebrew scriptures |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent scripture=Patient |
| 3 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present | the New Testament |  |  |  |  | of Jesus and the early Church | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A testament to something is clear proof of it: «The bridge is a testament to their hard work».

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testament:m2:1
# text = A testament to something is clear proof of it: «The bridge is a testament to their hard work».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	testament	testament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	clear	clear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	proof	proof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	bridge	bridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	testament	testament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	parataxis	_	_
17	to	to	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
19	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a testament to something | clear proof |  |  |  | of proof | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | the bridge | a testament |  |  |  | to their hard work | tree rules |
| 3 | **work** *in a quote* |  | their *= they* |  |  |  |  |  | nom work «act intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: law — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A will, especially in the phrase «last will and testament».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testament:m3:1
# text = A will, especially in the phrase «last will and testament».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
2	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
4	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	phrase	phrase	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
10	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	testament	testament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Hebrew grammarians under Arabic influence came to believe that tliose rules of ortho- graphy which the Arab grammarians invented for the language of the Koran hold good also for the language of the Old Testament. (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* The Hebrew grammarians under Arabic influence came to believe that tliose rules of ortho- graphy which the Arab grammarians invented for the language of the Koran hold good also for the language of the Old Testament.

<!-- fold The tree, 36 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testament:x1:1
# text = The Hebrew grammarians under Arabic influence came to believe that tliose rules of ortho- graphy which the Arab grammarians invented for the language of the Koran hold good also for the language of the Old Testament.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Hebrew	hebrew	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	grammarians	grammarian	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
4	under	under	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	Arabic	Arabic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	influence	influence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	believe	believe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
10	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
11	tliose	tliose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	ccomp	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	ortho	ortho	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	14	punct	_	_
16	graphy	graphy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
17	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	28	obj	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	Arab	Arab	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	grammarians	grammarian	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	nsubj	_	_
21	invented	invent	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	20	acl	_	_
22	for	for	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	Koran	Koran	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	_
28	hold	hold	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	acl:relcl	_	_
29	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	xcomp	_	_
30	also	also	ADV	RB	_	33	advmod	_	_
31	for	for	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	_
34	of	of	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
36	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	37	amod	_	_
37	Testament	Testament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	33	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | the Hebrew grammarians under Arabic influence |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **believe** | to-infinitive | the Hebrew grammarians under Arabic influence *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **invent** | participle |  | the Arab grammarians *not said here* |  |  |  | for the language of the Koran | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent for language=Beneficiary |
| 4 | **hold** | present | the Arab grammarians | ortho graphy |  |  |  | for the language of the Old Testament; good *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent which=Theme |
| 5 | **rule** |  | ortho graphy |  |  |  |  |  | nom rule «cognition intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testament:x1:2
# text = (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Mordell	Mordell	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Origin	Origin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	Numerals	numeral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
10	according	accord	VERB	VBG	ExtPos=ADP|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	case	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
13	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	flat	_	_
14	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	1914	1914	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	list	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	))	))	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accord** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Noah's ark is a story from the Old Testament.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testament:x2:1
# text = Noah's ark is a story from the Old Testament.
1	Noah	Noah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	ark	ark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	Testament	Testament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Noah's ark | a story |  | the Old Testament |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The New Testament begins with the four Gospels.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testament:x3:1
# text = The New Testament begins with the four Gospels.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	New	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	Testament	Testament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	begins	begin	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	Gospels	Gospel	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | present | the New Testament |  |  |  |  | with the four Gospels | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V PP.subeventuality»: agent=Eventuality with gospel=Subeventuality |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her medal is a testament to years of practice.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testament:x4:1
# text = Her medal is a testament to years of practice.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	medal	medal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	testament	testament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	practice	practice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Her medal | a testament |  |  | year |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The old castle stands as a testament to the builders' skill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testament:x5:1
# text = The old castle stands as a testament to the builders' skill.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	stands	stand	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	testament	testament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	builders	builder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	'	's	PART	POS	_	10	case	_	_
12	skill	skill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | present | the old castle |  |  |  |  | as a testament; to the builders's skill | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandad wrote his last will and testament.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testament:x6:1
# text = Grandad wrote his last will and testament.
1	Grandad	Grandad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
4	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
5	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	testament	testament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | past | Grandad | Grandad's last testament |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent testament=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Jews call their holy book the Tanakh, which Christians call the Old Testament.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testament:x7:1
# text = Jews call their holy book the Tanakh, which Christians call the Old Testament.
1	Jews	Jew	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	call	call	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	holy	holy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Tanakh	Tanakh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	obj	_	_
10	Christians	Christian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
11	call	call	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	Testament	Testament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** *speech: assert* | present | Jews | Jews's holy book |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent book=Recipient |
| 2 | **call** | present | Christians | the Tanakh |  |  |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP NP»: agent=Agent which=Theme testament=Result |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our class read a parable from the New Testament.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testament:x8:1
# text = Our class read a parable from the New Testament.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	read	read	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	parable	parable	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	New	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	Testament	Testament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **read** | past | Our class | a parable |  | the New Testament |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent parable=Topic from testament=Source |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Then she would read in the Old Testament, that treasure and comfort to her people, and it was indeed the only Scriptures she could read.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testament:x9:1
# text = Then she would read in the Old Testament, that treasure and comfort to her people, and it was indeed the only Scriptures she could read.
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	4	advmod	_	_
2	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	read	read	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	Testament	Testament	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	11	det	_	_
11	treasure	treasure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	comfort	comfort	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
19	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
20	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	cop	_	_
21	indeed	indeed	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
23	only	only	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	Scriptures	Scripture	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	27	nsubj	_	_
25	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj	_	_
26	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	27	aux	_	_
27	read	read	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **read** | would | she |  |  | the Old Testament | then |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | past | comfort | the only Scriptures |  |  |  | indeed *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **read** | could | the only Scriptures |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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