---
title: testify — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «testify» in the Judaism dictionary: To testify is to tell what you know or saw, especially in a court and on oath. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# testify

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, scars, Whoso, person, one witness, he · **What happens:** testify, be, know, see, prove, kill · **To what, where:** court, something, fight, person, murderer, mouth · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«testify» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [testify in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/testify.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To testify is to tell what you know or saw, especially in a court and on oath.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testify:m1:1
# text = To testify is to tell what you know or saw, especially in a court and on oath.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	testify	testify	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	tell	tell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	8	obj	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	know	know	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	ccomp	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
17	on	on	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	oath	oath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **testify** *speech: other* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn lecture-37.11-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **be** *speech: assert* | present |  |  |  |  |  | tell *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **know** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer what=Stimulus |
| 4 | **see** | past | you *not said here* |  |  | a court and oath |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To testify is to show or prove something: the scars testify to the fight.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testify:m2:1
# text = To testify is to show or prove something: the scars testify to the fight.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	testify	testify	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	show	show	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	prove	prove	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	scars	scar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
12	testify	testify	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
13	to	to	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	fight	fight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **testify** *speech: other* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn lecture-37.11-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | show *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **prove** | infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Theme |
| 4 | **testify** *speech: other* | present | the scars |  | the fight |  |  |  | vn lecture-37.11-1 «NP V PP.recipient PP.topic»: agent=Agent to fight=Recipient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Whoso killeth any person, the murderer shall be slain at the mouth of witnesses; but one witness shall not testify against any person that he die. (Torah NUM.35.30, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Whoso killeth any person, the murderer shall be slain at the mouth of witnesses; but one witness shall not testify against any person that he die.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testify:x1:1
# text = Whoso killeth any person, the murderer shall be slain at the mouth of witnesses; but one witness shall not testify against any person that he die.
1	Whoso	whoso	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	2	nsubj	_	_
2	killeth	kill	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	4	det	_	_
4	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	murderer	murderer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
9	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	slain	slay	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl:relcl	_	_
11	at	at	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	witnesses	witness	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
17	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
18	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	19	nummod	_	_
19	witness	witness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nsubj	_	_
20	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
21	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	22	advmod	_	_
22	testify	testify	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	parataxis	_	_
23	against	against	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	25	det	_	_
25	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	_
26	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	28	mark	_	_
27	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	28	nsubj	_	_
28	die	die	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | present | Whoso | any person |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent person=Theme |
| 2 | **slay** | shall · passive | any person *not said here* | the murderer |  | the mouth of witnesses |  |  | vn murder-42.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 3 | **not** **testify** *speech: other* | shall | one witness |  |  |  |  | against any person | vn lecture-37.11-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **die** | infinitive | person |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Torah NUM.35.30, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testify:x1:2
# text = (Torah NUM.35.30, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	NUM.35.30	NUM.35.30	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
he said unto them: 'Set your heart unto all the words wherewith I testify against you this day; that ye may charge your children therewith to observe to do all the words of this law. (Torah DEU.32.46, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* he said unto them: 'Set your heart unto all the words wherewith I testify against you this day; that ye may charge your children therewith to observe to do all the words of this law.

<!-- fold The tree, 35 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testify:x2:1
# text = he said unto them: 'Set your heart unto all the words wherewith I testify against you this day; that ye may charge your children therewith to observe to do all the words of this law.
1	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
6	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	Set	set	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	ccomp	_	_
8	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	13	det:predet	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
14	wherewith	wherewith	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	16	advmod	_	_
15	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	testify	testify	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	_
17	against	against	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	16	obl	_	_
19	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	20	det	_	_
20	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	_
22	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	25	nsubj	_	_
23	ye	ye	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	25	nsubj	_	_
24	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
25	charge	charge	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	parataxis	_	_
26	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	27	nmod:poss	_	_
27	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obj	_	_
28	therewith	therewith	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	_
29	to	to	PART	TO	_	30	mark	_	_
30	observe	observe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	25	advcl	_	_
31	to	to	PART	TO	_	32	mark	_	_
32	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	30	xcomp	_	_
33	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	35	det:predet	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	32	obj	_	_
36	of	of	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
37	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	38	det	_	_
38	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | he |  |  |  |  | unto them *= they* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **set** | infinitive |  | your heart |  |  |  | unto all words | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient heart=Result |
| 3 | **testify** *speech: other* | present | I |  |  |  | day | against you; wherewith *property* | vn lecture-37.11-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **charge** | may | that | your children |  |  |  | therewith *property* | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial\_Location child=Theme |
| 5 | **observe** | to-infinitive | that *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 6 | **do** | to-infinitive | that *not said here* | all words of this law |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Eventuality |
| 7 | **word** |  |  | this law |  |  |  |  | nom word «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Torah DEU.32.46, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testify:x2:2
# text = (Torah DEU.32.46, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	DEU.32.46	DEU.32.46	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Thine own mouth condemneth thee, and not I; yea, thine own lips testify against thee. (Writings JOB.15.6, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Thine own mouth condemneth thee, and not I; yea, thine own lips testify against thee.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testify:x3:1
# text = Thine own mouth condemneth thee, and not I; yea, thine own lips testify against thee.
1	Thine	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	condemneth	condemn	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
11	yea	yea	INTJ	UH	_	16	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
13	thine	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	15	nmod:poss	_	_
14	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	lips	lip	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	_
16	testify	testify	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
17	against	against	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **condemn** | present | Thine own mouth | thee |  |  |  |  | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thou=Theme |
| 2 | **testify** *speech: other* | present | thine own lips |  |  |  |  | against thee | vn lecture-37.11-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings JOB.15.6, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testify:x3:2
# text = (Writings JOB.15.6, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	JOB.15.6	JOB.15.6	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hear ye, and testify against the house of Jacob, saith the Lord GOD, the God of hosts. (Prophets AMO.3.13, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Hear ye, and testify against the house of Jacob, saith the Lord GOD, the God of hosts.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testify:x4:1
# text = Hear ye, and testify against the house of Jacob, saith the Lord GOD, the God of hosts.
1	Hear	hear	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	ye	ye	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	testify	testify	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	parataxis	_	_
6	against	against	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	house	house	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Jacob	Jacob	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	saith	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	Lord	Lord	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	GOD	GOD	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	appos	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	hosts	host	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hear** | imperative | you *not said here* | ye |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer ye=Stimulus |
| 2 | **testify** *speech: other* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | against the house of Jacob | vn lecture-37.11-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | present |  | the Lord GOD |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent god=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets AMO.3.13, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testify:x4:2
# text = (Prophets AMO.3.13, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	AMO.3.13	AMO.3.13	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
'Hear, O My people, and I will speak; O Israel, and I will testify against thee: God, thy God, am I. (Writings PSA.50.7, JPS 1917)

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testify:x5:1
# text = 'Hear, O My people, and I will speak; O Israel, and I will testify against thee: God, thy God, am I. (Writings PSA.50.7, JPS 1917)
1	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Hear	hear	INTJ	UH	_	6	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	O	o	INTJ	UH	_	6	discourse	_	_
5	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
10	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	speak	speak	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
13	O	O	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	Israel	Israel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	vocative	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
17	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
18	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
19	testify	testify	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	conj	_	_
20	against	against	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	23	punct	_	_
23	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	26	nmod:poss	_	_
26	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
28	am	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	29	cop	_	_
29	I.	I.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
30	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	31	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	conj	_	_
32	PSA.50.7	PSA.50.7	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	31	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
34	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	32	flat	_	_
35	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	32	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	29	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | future | I |  |  |  |  | O Israel *vocative* | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **testify** *speech: other* | future | I |  |  |  |  | against thee | vn lecture-37.11-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is a** | present | My people  God | I. and Writings |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The boy was ready to testify in court.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testify:x6:1
# text = The boy was ready to testify in court.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	ready	ready	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	testify	testify	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the boy |  |  |  |  | ready *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **testify** *speech: other* | to-infinitive | the boy *not said here* |  |  | court |  |  | vn lecture-37.11-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The witnesses testified that they saw the man.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testify:x7:1
# text = The witnesses testified that they saw the man.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	witnesses	witness	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	testified	testify	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
5	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **testify** *speech: other* | past | the witnesses |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **see** | past | witnesses *= witness* | the man |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer man=Stimulus |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The old stones testify to a long history.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:testify:x8:1
# text = The old stones testify to a long history.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	testify	testify	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **testify** *speech: other* | present | the old stones |  | a long history |  |  |  | vn lecture-37.11-1 «NP V PP.recipient PP.topic»: agent=Agent to history=Recipient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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