---
title: textual — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «textual» in the Judaism dictionary: Textual means to do with a text, the actual written words of a book, poem or document. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/T/textual/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/) / [T](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/T/) / textual

# textual

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Textual, Textual evidence, you, Meroz, editor, character · **What happens:** mean, do, write, word, be, take · **To what, where:** actual written words, book, words, text, Meroz, three books · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«textual» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [textual in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/textual.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Textual means to do with a text, the actual written words of a book, poem or document.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:textual:m1:1
# text = Textual means to do with a text, the actual written words of a book, poem or document.
1	Textual	textual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	ccomp	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
10	actual	actual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
11	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	amod	_	_
12	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	poem	poem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	document	document	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Textual |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **do** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | the actual written words of a book and poem or document |  |  |  | with a text | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **write** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **word** |  |  | a book and poem or document |  |  |  |  | nom word «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Textual evidence is words or lines taken from a text to support what you say about it.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:textual:m2:1
# text = Textual evidence is words or lines taken from a text to support what you say about it.
1	Textual	textual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	lines	line	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
7	taken	take	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	support	support	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
13	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	12	obj	_	_
14	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	acl:relcl	_	_
16	about	about	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Textual evidence | words or lines |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **take** | participle |  | words or lines *not said here* |  | a text |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent from text=Initial\_Location |
| 3 | **support** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer what=Stimulus |
| 4 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | you |  |  |  |  | about evidence | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Meroz has associated these ‘three books’ with what she regards to be the three original textual layers of the SY, woven together after their composition into a single work by an editor. (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Meroz has associated these ‘three books’ with what she regards to be the three original textual layers of the SY, woven together after their composition into a single work by an editor.

<!-- fold The tree, 32 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:textual:x1:1
# text = Meroz has associated these ‘three books’ with what she regards to be the three original textual layers of the SY, woven together after their composition into a single work by an editor.
1	Meroz	Meroz	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	associated	associate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	7	det	_	_
5	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
9	with	with	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
10	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	12	obj	_	_
11	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	regards	regard	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
14	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	cop	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
16	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	19	nummod	_	_
17	original	original	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
18	textual	textual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	layers	layer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	advcl	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	SY	SY	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
24	woven	weave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	acl	_	_
25	together	together	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	_
26	after	after	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	28	nmod:poss	_	_
28	composition	composition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
29	into	into	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
30	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
31	single	single	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	amod	_	_
32	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
33	by	by	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	editor	editor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **associate** | present · perfect · passive |  | Meroz |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **regard** | present | Meroz | this three books |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Theme |
| 3 | **is a** | to-infinitive | Meroz *not said here* | the three original textual layers |  |  |  | of the SY | tree rules |
| 4 | **weave** | participle |  | the three original textual layers *not said here* |  | a single work by a editor | after layers's composition | together *property* | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into work=Destination |
| 5 | **work** |  | a editor |  |  |  |  |  | nom work «act intransitive»: by=agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:textual:x1:2
# text = (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	Sefaria	Sefaria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
6	community	community	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	translation	translation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Use textual evidence to show how the character feels.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:textual:x2:1
# text = Use textual evidence to show how the character feels.
1	Use	use	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	textual	textual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	show	show	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
6	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	character	character	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	feels	feel	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | imperative | you *not said here* | textual evidence |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent evidence=Patient |
| 2 | **show** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **feel** | present | the character |  |  |  |  |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The teacher wanted a quote as textual evidence.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:textual:x3:1
# text = The teacher wanted a quote as textual evidence.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wanted	want	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	quote	quote	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	textual	textual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **want** | past | the teacher | a quote |  |  |  | as textual evidence | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent quote=Theme as evidence=Attribute |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Textual clues tell us the story is set in winter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:textual:x4:1
# text = Textual clues tell us the story is set in winter.
1	Textual	textual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	clues	clue	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	tell	tell	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	iobj	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	set	set	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	ccomp	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present | Textual clues |  | us |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent we=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **set** | present · passive |  | the story |  |  | winter |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Result |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scholars compare old copies of the Bible for textual differences.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:textual:x5:1
# text = Scholars compare old copies of the Bible for textual differences.
1	Scholars	scholar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	compare	compare	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	copies	copy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Bible	Bible	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	textual	textual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	differences	difference	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **compare** | present | Scholars | old copies of the Bible |  |  |  | for textual differences | vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent copy=Patient |
| 2 | **copy** |  |  | the Bible |  |  |  |  | nom copy «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our textual analysis looked at the poet's word choices.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:textual:x6:1
# text = Our textual analysis looked at the poet's word choices.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	textual	textual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	analysis	analysis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	poet	poet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	's	's	PART	POS	_	7	case	_	_
9	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	choices	choice	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | past | Our textual analysis |  |  |  |  | at the poet's word choices | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at choice=Theme |
| 2 | **analyze** |  | Our |  |  |  |  |  | nom analysis «act transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There were small textual changes in the new edition.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:textual:x7:1
# text = There were small textual changes in the new edition.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	were	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	textual	textual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	changes	change	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	edition	edition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | small textual changes in the new edition |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [text](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/T/text/)
- next →: [th](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/T/th/)
- ↑ back to [T in Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/T/)