---
title: upper — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «upper» in the Judaism dictionary: Upper means higher up, or above something else of the same kind. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# upper

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Upper, top part, man, plague, clothes, hair · **What happens:** mean, be, cover, take, pledge, go · **To what, where:** higher, nearer top, top part, foot, mill, life · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«upper» in the Judaism dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 14 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [upper in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/upper.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Upper means higher up, or above something else of the same kind.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:m1:1
# text = Upper means higher up, or above something else of the same kind.
1	Upper	upper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	higher	high	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	obj	_	_
4	up	up	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	above	above	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	conj	_	_
9	else	else	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Upper | higher |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent high=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Upper can mean nearer the top of a place, a river or a land: the upper floor, the upper Nile.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:m2:1
# text = Upper can mean nearer the top of a place, a river or a land: the upper floor, the upper Nile.
1	Upper	upper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	nearer	near	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	amod	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	19	punct	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	floor	floor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	Nile	Nile	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can | Upper | the nearer top of a place and a river or a land |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent top=Topic |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Upper can mean higher in rank or level: the upper school.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:m3:1
# text = Upper can mean higher in rank or level: the upper school.
1	Upper	upper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	higher	high	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	xcomp	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	rank	rank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	level	level	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can | Upper |  |  |  |  | high *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The upper of a shoe is the top part that covers the foot.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:m4:1
# text = The upper of a shoe is the top part that covers the foot.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	shoe	shoe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	top	top	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	covers	cover	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	foot	foot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the upper | the top part |  |  |  | of a shoe | tree rules |
| 2 | **cover** | present | the top part | the foot |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme foot=Destination |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
No man shall take the mill or the upper millstone to pledge; for he taketh a man's life to pledge. (Torah DEU.24.6, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* No man shall take the mill or the upper millstone to pledge; for he taketh a man's life to pledge.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x1:1
# text = No man shall take the mill or the upper millstone to pledge; for he taketh a man's life to pledge.
1	No	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	2	det	_	_
2	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	mill	mill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	millstone	millstone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	pledge	pledge	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
15	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	taketh	take	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	's	's	PART	POS	_	18	case	_	_
20	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
21	to	to	PART	TO	_	22	mark	_	_
22	pledge	pledge	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | shall | no man | the mill or the upper millstone |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mill=Theme |
| 2 | **pledge** | to-infinitive | no man *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn promise-37.13 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **take** | present | man | a man's life |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent life=Theme |
| 4 | **pledge** | to-infinitive | man *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn promise-37.13 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Torah DEU.24.6, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x1:2
# text = (Torah DEU.24.6, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	DEU.24.6	DEU.24.6	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And the leper in whom the plague is, his clothes shall be rent, and the hair of his head shall go loose, and he shall cover his upper lip, and shall cry: 'Unclean, unclean.' (Torah LEV.13.45, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* And the leper in whom the plague is, his clothes shall be rent, and the hair of his head shall go loose, and he shall cover his upper lip, and shall cry: 'Unclean, unclean.'

<!-- fold The tree, 34 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x2:1
# text = And the leper in whom the plague is, his clothes shall be rent, and the hair of his head shall go loose, and he shall cover his upper lip, and shall cry: 'Unclean, unclean.'
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	leper	leper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	3	nmod	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	plague	plague	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
10	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	clothes	clothes	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	14	nsubj	_	_
12	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
13	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	cop	_	_
14	rent	rent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	hair	hair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	_
22	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
23	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	parataxis	_	_
24	loose	loose	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
27	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	nsubj	_	_
28	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	29	aux	_	_
29	cover	cover	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	conj	_	_
30	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	32	nmod:poss	_	_
31	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	amod	_	_
32	lip	lip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
34	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	36	cc	_	_
35	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	36	aux	_	_
36	cry	cry	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	29	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	39	punct	_	_
38	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	39	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	Unclean	unclean	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	36	csubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	41	punct	_	_
41	unclean	unclean	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	39	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present | the plague |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | shall | plague's clothes | rent |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **go** | shall | the hair of plague's head |  |  |  |  | loose *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **cover** | shall | hair | plague's upper lip |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent lip=Destination |
| 5 | **cry** *speech: express* | shall | hair *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Torah LEV.13.45, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x2:2
# text = (Torah LEV.13.45, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	LEV.13.45	LEV.13.45	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Their measure is the Twelve Diagonal Borders: Northeastern border, Southeastern border, Upper-Eastern border, Lower-Western border, Upper-Northern border, Lower-Northern border, Southwestern border, Northwestern border, Upper-Western border, Lower-Western border, Upper-Southern border, Lower-Southern border. (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Their measure is the Twelve Diagonal Borders: Northeastern border, Southeastern border, Upper-Eastern border, Lower-Western border, Upper-Northern border, Lower-Northern border, Southwestern border, Northwestern border, Upper-Western border, Lower-Western border, Upper-Southern border, Lower-Southern border.

<!-- fold The tree, 39 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x3:1
# text = Their measure is the Twelve Diagonal Borders: Northeastern border, Southeastern border, Upper-Eastern border, Lower-Western border, Upper-Northern border, Lower-Northern border, Southwestern border, Northwestern border, Upper-Western border, Lower-Western border, Upper-Southern border, Lower-Southern border.
1	Their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	measure	measure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	Twelve	twelve	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
6	Diagonal	Diagonal	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	Borders	border	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
9	Northeastern	northeastern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	Southeastern	southeastern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	Upper	Upper	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	Eastern	eastern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
20	Lower	Lower	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	Western	western	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
25	Upper	Upper	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	Northern	northern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
28	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
30	Lower	Lower	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	33	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	30	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	Northern	northern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
35	Southwestern	southwestern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	36	amod	_	_
36	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	39	punct	_	_
38	Northwestern	Northwestern	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	39	compound	_	_
39	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	44	punct	_	_
41	Upper	Upper	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	44	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	41	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	Western	western	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	44	amod	_	_
44	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
45	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	49	punct	_	_
46	Lower	Lower	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	49	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	46	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
48	Western	western	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	49	amod	_	_
49	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
50	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	54	punct	_	_
51	Upper	Upper	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	54	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
52	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	51	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
53	Southern	southern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	54	amod	_	_
54	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
55	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	59	punct	_	_
56	Lower	Lower	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	59	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
57	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	56	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
58	Southern	southern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	59	amod	_	_
59	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
60	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Their measure | the Twelve Diagonal Borders |  |  |  | Northeastern border  Southeastern border  Upper Eastern border  Northwestern border  Upper Western border  Lower Western border  Upper Southern border  Lower Southern border and Lower Western border and Upper Northern border and Lower Northern border and Southwestern border *nmod* | tree rules |
| 2 | **measure** |  | Their *= they* |  |  |  |  |  | nom measure «act transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x3:2
# text = (Sefer Yetzirah, Sefaria community translation)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	Sefaria	Sefaria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
6	community	community	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	translation	translation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And he overlaid the upper chambers with gold. (Writings 2CH.3.9, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* And he overlaid the upper chambers with gold.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x4:1
# text = And he overlaid the upper chambers with gold.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	overlaid	overlay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	chambers	chamber	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	gold	gold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **overlay** | past | he | the upper chambers |  |  |  | with gold | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings 2CH.3.9, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x4:2
# text = (Writings 2CH.3.9, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	2CH.3.9	2CH.3.9	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod:unmarked	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He built the upper gate of the house of the LORD. (Prophets 2KI.15.35, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* He built the upper gate of the house of the LORD.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x5:1
# text = He built the upper gate of the house of the LORD.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	built	build	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	gate	gate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	house	house	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	LORD	LORD	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | past | He | the upper gate of the house of the LORD |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gate=Product |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets 2KI.15.35, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x5:2
# text = (Prophets 2KI.15.35, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	2KI.15.35	2KI.15.35	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod:unmarked	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And a certain woman cast an upper millstone upon Abimelech's head, and broke his skull. (Prophets JDG.9.53, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* And a certain woman cast an upper millstone upon Abimelech's head, and broke his skull.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x6:1
# text = And a certain woman cast an upper millstone upon Abimelech's head, and broke his skull.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	certain	certain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	woman	woman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	cast	cast	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	millstone	millstone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
9	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	Abimelech	Abimelech	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	's	's	PART	POS	_	10	case	_	_
12	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	broke	break	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
16	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	skull	skull	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cast** | past | a certain woman | a upper millstone |  | Abimelech's head |  |  | vn throw-17.1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent millstone=Theme upon head=Destination |
| 2 | **break** | past | a certain woman *not said here* | Abimelech's skull |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer skull=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Prophets JDG.9.53, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x6:2
# text = (Prophets JDG.9.53, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	JDG.9.53	JDG.9.53	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Write your name with an upper-case first letter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x7:1
# text = Write your name with an upper-case first letter.
1	Write	write	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	case	case	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
9	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	10	advmod	_	_
10	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | imperative | you *not said here* | your name |  |  |  | with a upper case; letter *obl* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent name=Theme |
| 2 | **name** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We sleep on the upper floor.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x8:1
# text = We sleep on the upper floor.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sleep	sleep	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	floor	floor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sleep** | present | We |  |  | the upper floor |  |  | vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The upper arm goes from the shoulder to the elbow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x9:1
# text = The upper arm goes from the shoulder to the elbow.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	arm	arm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	shoulder	shoulder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	elbow	elbow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | present | the upper arm |  |  | the shoulder |  | to the elbow | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: agent=Theme from shoulder=Initial\_Location to elbow=Destination |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Upper-school pupils help the little ones read.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x10:1
# text = Upper-school pupils help the little ones read.
1	Upper	upper	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	pupils	pupil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	help	help	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	ones	one	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
9	read	read	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | school pupils |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **read** | present | the little ones |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bird has a red patch on its upper wing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x11:1
# text = The bird has a red patch on its upper wing.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	patch	patch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
9	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	wing	wing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the bird | a red patch |  | bird's upper wing |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent patch=Patient |

## Example 12 {#x12}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
With one goal more, our team had the upper hand.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x12:1
# text = With one goal more, our team had the upper hand.
1	With	with	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	goal	goal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
4	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | our team | the upper hand |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hand=Patient |

## Example 13 {#x13}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Keep a stiff upper lip means stay brave and calm.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x13:1
# text = Keep a stiff upper lip means stay brave and calm.
1	Keep	keep	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
3	stiff	stiff	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	lip	lip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	ccomp	_	_
7	stay	stay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	ccomp	_	_
8	brave	brave	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	calm	calm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | present | a stiff upper lip |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **stay** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | brave *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 14 {#x14}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I only wish I were already on the upper bank.” \[\*\]

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* I only wish I were already on the upper bank.”

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x14:1
# text = I only wish I were already on the upper bank.”
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	only	only	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	wish	wish	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
5	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
6	already	already	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	bank	bank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wish** | present | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn wish-62 «NP V for NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot |
| 2 | **is** | past | I |  |  | the upper bank |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* \[\*\]

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:upper:x14:2
# text = [*]
1	[	[	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	*	*	PUNCT	NFP	_	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	]	]	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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