---
title: vow — Judaism dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «vow» in the Judaism dictionary: A vow is a serious promise, often a solemn or religious one. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# vow

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** vow, you, Wedding vows, couple, vows, monks · **What happens:** be, vow, do, make, marry, take · **To what, where:** serious promise, something, promises, vows, God, sin · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«vow» in the Judaism dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 14 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [vow in the Judaism dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/judaism/w/vow.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A vow is a serious promise, often a solemn or religious one.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:m1:1
# text = A vow is a serious promise, often a solemn or religious one.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	vow	vow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	serious	serious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	promise	promise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
8	often	often	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
10	solemn	solemn	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	religious	religious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	_
13	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a vow | a serious promise |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To vow is to promise firmly that you will do something.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:m2:1
# text = To vow is to promise firmly that you will do something.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	vow	vow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	promise	promise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	firmly	firmly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
7	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	ccomp	_	_
11	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **vow** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** *speech: promise* | present |  |  |  |  |  | firmly, promise *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **do** | future | you | something |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: church — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wedding vows are the promises a couple make when they marry; monks and nuns take vows to God.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:m3:1
# text = Wedding vows are the promises a couple make when they marry; monks and nuns take vows to God.
1	Wedding	wedding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	vows	vow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	promises	promise	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	couple	couple	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
9	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	11	advmod	_	_
10	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	marry	marry	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
13	monks	monk	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	nuns	nun	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	_
16	take	take	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
17	vows	vow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obj	_	_
18	to	to	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Wedding vows | the promises |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | present | a couple | the promises *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset promise=Product |
| 3 | **marry** | present | vows *= vow* |  |  |  |  |  | vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **take** | present | monks and nuns | vows | God |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent vow=Theme to god=Destination |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
But if thou shalt forbear to vow, it shall be no sin in thee. (Torah DEU.23.22, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* But if thou shalt forbear to vow, it shall be no sin in thee.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:x1:1
# text = But if thou shalt forbear to vow, it shall be no sin in thee.
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
2	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
3	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	5	nsubj	_	_
4	shalt	shall	AUX	MD	Style=Arch|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	forbear	forbear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	vow	vow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
10	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
11	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	cop	_	_
12	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	13	det	_	_
13	sin	sin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **forbear** | shall | thou |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **vow** | to-infinitive | thou *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **is a** | shall | it | no sin |  | thee |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Torah DEU.23.22, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:x1:2
# text = (Torah DEU.23.22, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	DEU.23.22	DEU.23.22	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And if a woman vowed in her husband's house, or bound her soul by a bond with an oath, (Torah NUM.30.10, JPS 1917)

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:x2:1
# text = And if a woman vowed in her husband's house, or bound her soul by a bond with an oath, (Torah NUM.30.10, JPS 1917)
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
2	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	woman	woman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	vowed	vow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	husband	husband	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	's	's	PART	POS	_	8	case	_	_
10	house	house	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
13	bound	bound	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	soul	soul	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
16	by	by	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	bond	bond	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
19	with	with	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	oath	oath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
23	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	compound	_	_
25	NUM.30.10	NUM.30.10	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
27	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	nmod:unmarked	_	_
28	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	25	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	28	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **vow** | past | a woman | Torah NUM.30.10 |  | woman's husband's house |  | bound woman's soul by a bond with a oath | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I am the God of Beth-el, where thou didst anoint a pillar, where thou didst vow a vow unto Me. (Torah GEN.31.13, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* I am the God of Beth-el, where thou didst anoint a pillar, where thou didst vow a vow unto Me.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:x3:1
# text = I am the God of Beth-el, where thou didst anoint a pillar, where thou didst vow a vow unto Me.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	am	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	Beth	Beth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	el	el	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	12	advmod	_	_
11	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	12	nsubj	_	_
12	didst	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
13	anoint	anoint	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	xcomp	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	pillar	pillar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	19	advmod	_	_
18	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	19	nsubj	_	_
19	didst	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	acl:relcl	_	_
20	vow	vow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	xcomp	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	vow	vow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	_
23	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	Me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | I | the God |  |  |  | of Beth el | tree rules |
| 2 | **do** | past | thou |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **anoint** | infinitive | thou *not said here* | a pillar |  |  |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pillar=Theme |
| 4 | **do** | past | thou |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **vow** | infinitive | thou *not said here* | a vow |  |  |  | unto Me | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Torah GEN.31.13, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:x3:2
# text = (Torah GEN.31.13, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Torah	Torah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	GEN.31.13	GEN.31.13	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Thy vows are upon me, O God; I will render thank-offerings unto Thee. (Writings PSA.56.13, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Thy vows are upon me, O God; I will render thank-offerings unto Thee.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:x4:1
# text = Thy vows are upon me, O God; I will render thank-offerings unto Thee.
1	Thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	vows	vow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	O	of	ADP	IN	Abbr=Yes	8	case	_	_
8	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
11	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	render	render	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
13	thank	thank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	offerings	offering	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
16	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	Thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Thy vows |  |  |  |  | upon me | tree rules |
| 2 | **render** | future | I | thank offerings |  |  |  | unto Thee | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent offering=Theme |
| 3 | **vow** |  | Thy |  |  |  |  |  | nom vow «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings PSA.56.13, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:x4:2
# text = (Writings PSA.56.13, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	PSA.56.13	PSA.56.13	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How he swore unto the LORD, and vowed unto the Mighty One of Jacob: (Writings PSA.132.2, JPS 1917)

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:x5:1
# text = How he swore unto the LORD, and vowed unto the Mighty One of Jacob: (Writings PSA.132.2, JPS 1917)
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	3	advmod	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	swore	swear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	LORD	LORD	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	vowed	vow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
10	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	Mighty	mighty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	One	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	Jacob	Jacob	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
17	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
19	PSA.132.2	PSA.132.2	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	flat	_	_
22	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	19	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	19	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swear** | past | he | Writings |  |  |  | unto the LORD | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **vow** | past | he *not said here* |  |  |  |  | unto the Mighty One of Jacob | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
'Sacrifices of peace-offerings were due from me; this day have I paid my vows. (Writings PRO.7.14, JPS 1917)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* 'Sacrifices of peace-offerings were due from me; this day have I paid my vows.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:x6:1
# text = 'Sacrifices of peace-offerings were due from me; this day have I paid my vows.
1	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sacrifices	sacrifice	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	peace	peace	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	offerings	offering	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
7	were	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl	_	_
8	due	due	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	_
9	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	13	det	_	_
13	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
14	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
15	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	paid	pay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	ccomp	_	_
17	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	vows	vow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | Sacrifices of peace offerings and this day *not said here* |  |  |  |  | due *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **have** | present | Sacrifices of peace offerings and this day |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **pay** | past | I | my vows |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent vow=Asset |
| 4 | **sacrifice** |  |  | peace offerings |  |  |  |  | nom sacrifice «act transitive»: of=patient |
| 5 | **vow** |  | my |  |  |  |  |  | nom vow «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (Writings PRO.7.14, JPS 1917)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:x6:2
# text = (Writings PRO.7.14, JPS 1917)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	PRO.7.14	PRO.7.14	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
6	1917	1917	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The knight made a vow to protect the king.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:x7:1
# text = The knight made a vow to protect the king.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	knight	knight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	vow	vow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	protect	protect	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the knight | a vow |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent vow=Product |
| 2 | **protect** | to-infinitive | the knight *not said here* |  | the king |  |  |  | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent king=Beneficiary |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She vowed never to tell the secret.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:x8:1
# text = She vowed never to tell the secret.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	vowed	vow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	tell	tell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	secret	secret	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **vow** | past | She |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **tell** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive | She *not said here* | the secret |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent secret=Recipient |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
At the wedding they said their vows.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:x9:1
# text = At the wedding they said their vows.
1	At	at	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	wedding	wedding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
4	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	vows	vow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | they | their vows |  | the wedding |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent vow=Topic |
| 2 | **vow** |  | their *= they* |  |  |  |  |  | nom vow «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The monks took vows of silence.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:x10:1
# text = The monks took vows of silence.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	monks	monk	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	vows	vow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	silence	silence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | the monks | vows of silence |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent vow=Theme |
| 2 | **vow** |  |  | silence |  |  |  |  | nom vow «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I vowed to practise the piano every day.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:x11:1
# text = I vowed to practise the piano every day.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	vowed	vow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	practise	practise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	piano	piano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	8	det	_	_
8	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **vow** | past | I |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **practise** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | I *not said here* | the piano |  |  | day |  | tree rules |

## Example 12 {#x12}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Breaking a vow is a serious thing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:x12:1
# text = Breaking a vow is a serious thing.
1	Breaking	break	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	csubj	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	vow	vow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	serious	serious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **break** | gerund |  | a vow |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer vow=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Breaking | a serious thing |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 13 {#x13}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The friends vowed to stay in touch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:x13:1
# text = The friends vowed to stay in touch.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	vowed	vow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	stay	stay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	touch	touch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **vow** | past | the friends |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **stay** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | the friends *not said here* |  |  | touch |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in touch=Location |

## Example 14 {#x14}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Indeed, I have made a vow never again to leave Bagdad."

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:judaism:vow:x14:1
# text = Indeed, I have made a vow never again to leave Bagdad."
1	Indeed	indeed	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
4	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	vow	vow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	again	again	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	leave	leave	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
12	Bagdad	bagdad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · perfect | I | a vow |  |  |  | indeed *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent vow=Product |
| 2 | **leave** | to-infinitive | I *not said here* | Bagdad |  |  | again |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bagdad=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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