---
title: abbreviation — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «abbreviation» in the school dictionary: A short form of a word or phrase. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# abbreviation

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** set, act, Mon, km, Dr, you · **What happens:** form, stand, make, be, write, mean · **To what, where:** word, something, abbreviation, abbreviations, short form, science

<!-- .vabout -->
«abbreviation» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [abbreviation in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/abbreviation.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A short form of a word or phrase.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abbreviation:m1:1
# text = A short form of a word or phrase.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	phrase	phrase	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** |  |  | a word or phrase |  |  |  |  | nom form «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Mon" is an abbreviation of "Monday".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abbreviation:m1e:1
# text = "Mon" is an abbreviation of "Monday".
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Mon	mon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	abbreviation	abbreviation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	Monday	Monday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Mon | a abbreviation |  |  | monday |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A set of letters standing for a longer name, like UK for United Kingdom or km for kilometre.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abbreviation:m2:1
# text = A set of letters standing for a longer name, like UK for United Kingdom or km for kilometre.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	set	set	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	standing	stand	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	longer	long	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	9	amod	_	_
9	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	like	like	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	UK	UK	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	_
13	for	for	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	United	United	PROPN	NNP	_	15	flat	_	_
15	Kingdom	Kingdom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	km	km	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
18	for	for	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	kilometre	kilometre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | gerund | a set of letters *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for a longer name or km; for kilometre | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer for name=Attribute |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The act of making something shorter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abbreviation:m3:1
# text = The act of making something shorter.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	act	act	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
4	making	make	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
5	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	obj	_	_
6	shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | gerund | the act *not said here* | something |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset something=Product |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"km" is the abbreviation for kilometre.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abbreviation:x1:1
# text = "km" is the abbreviation for kilometre.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	km	km	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	abbreviation	abbreviation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	kilometre	kilometre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | km | the abbreviation |  |  |  | for kilometre | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Dr" is an abbreviation of "Doctor".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abbreviation:x2:1
# text = "Dr" is an abbreviation of "Doctor".
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Dr	Dr	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	abbreviation	abbreviation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	Doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Dr | a abbreviation |  |  |  | of Doctor | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Write the abbreviations for the days of the week.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abbreviation:x3:1
# text = Write the abbreviations for the days of the week.
1	Write	write	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	abbreviations	abbreviation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | imperative | you *not said here* | the abbreviations |  |  | day |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent abbreviation=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Aug" is a short form of August.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abbreviation:x4:1
# text = "Aug" is a short form of August.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Aug	aug	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	August	August	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Aug | a short form |  |  | august |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Texts are full of abbreviations like "btw" and "omg".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abbreviation:x5:1
# text = Texts are full of abbreviations like "btw" and "omg".
1	Texts	text	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	abbreviations	abbreviation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	btw	btw	ADV	RB	_	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	omg	omg	INTJ	UH	_	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Texts |  |  |  |  | of abbreviations; full *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In science, "ml" stands for millilitre.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abbreviation:x6:1
# text = In science, "ml" stands for millilitre.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	ml	ml	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
7	stands	stand	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	millilitre	millilitre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | present | ml |  |  | science |  | for millilitre | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in science=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The abbreviation UN means the United Nations.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abbreviation:x7:1
# text = The abbreviation UN means the United Nations.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	abbreviation	abbreviation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	UN	UN	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	United	United	PROPN	NNP	_	7	compound	_	_
7	Nations	Nation	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | the abbreviation | the United Nations |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nation=Topic |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Regularly used abbreviations (for example, "Grimm, KM." or "P.V.S.") have been made consistent throughout, without note.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abbreviation:x8:1
# text = Regularly used abbreviations (for example, "Grimm, KM." or "P.V.S.") have been made consistent throughout, without note.
1	Regularly	regularly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	abbreviations	abbreviation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	example	example	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	Grimm	Grimm	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	KM	KM	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	P.V.S	P.V.S	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	16	punct	_	_
20	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
21	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	22	aux:pass	_	_
22	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
23	consistent	consistent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	xcomp	_	_
24	throughout	throughout	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
26	without	without	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	note	note	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	22	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | regularly *property* | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **make** | present · perfect · passive |  | used abbreviations for example  Grimm or P.V.S |  |  |  | without note; consistent, throughout *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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