---
title: abject — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «abject» in the school dictionary: Abject means very miserable, poor and low in condition, with no hope or comfort. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# abject

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Abject, fear, you, beggar, soldier, He · **What happens:** mean, describe, be, have, leave, live · **To what, where:** fear, pride, abject poverty, abject fear, abject apology, abject misery

<!-- .vabout -->
«abject» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 4 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [abject in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/abject.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Abject means very miserable, poor and low in condition, with no hope or comfort.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abject:m1:1
# text = Abject means very miserable, poor and low in condition, with no hope or comfort.
1	Abject	abject	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	very	very	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	miserable	miserable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	low	low	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	condition	condition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	14	det	_	_
14	hope	hope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	comfort	comfort	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Abject |  |  |  |  | miserable *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Abject can also describe fear or apology that is total and humble, as if you have no pride left.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abject:m2:1
# text = Abject can also describe fear or apology that is total and humble, as if you have no pride left.
1	Abject	abject	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	reparandum	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	describe	describe	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	fear	fear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	apology	apology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	total	total	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	acl:relcl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	humble	humble	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
15	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
16	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
17	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
18	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	19	det	_	_
19	pride	pride	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	_
20	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **describe** | can |  | fear or apology |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent fear=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | fear or apology |  |  |  |  | total *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** |  | fear or apology *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **have** | present | you | no pride |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pride=Patient |
| 5 | **leave** | participle |  | no pride *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The beggar lived in abject poverty.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abject:x1:1
# text = The beggar lived in abject poverty.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	beggar	beggar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	abject	abject	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	poverty	poverty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | the beggar |  |  | abject poverty |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in poverty=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The soldier fled in abject fear.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abject:x2:1
# text = The soldier fled in abject fear.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	soldier	soldier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	fled	flee	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	abject	abject	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	fear	fear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **flee** | past | the soldier |  |  | abject fear |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He made an abject apology to the king.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abject:x3:1
# text = He made an abject apology to the king.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	abject	abject	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	apology	apology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | He | a abject apology |  |  |  | to the king | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent apology=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The prisoners lived in abject misery.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abject:x4:1
# text = The prisoners lived in abject misery.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	prisoners	prisoner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	abject	abject	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	misery	misery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | the prisoners |  |  | abject misery |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in misery=Location |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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