---
title: abrade — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «abrade» in the school dictionary: To abrade means to scrape or wear away the surface of something by rubbing: «The rough rope abraded his hands.». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# abrade

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** rough rope, Wind, river, She, Sandpaper, Glaciers · **What happens:** abrade, mean, scrape, wear away, rub, carry · **To what, where:** surface, hands, rocks, desert, Pebbles, riverbed · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«abrade» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [abrade in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/abrade.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To abrade means to scrape or wear away the surface of something by rubbing: «The rough rope abraded his hands.».

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrade:m1:1
# text = To abrade means to scrape or wear away the surface of something by rubbing: «The rough rope abraded his hands.».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	abrade	abrade	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	csubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	scrape	scrape	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	wear	wear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
8	away	away	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	10	nmod	_	_
13	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
14	rubbing	rub	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
16	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	rope	rope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	_
20	abraded	abrade	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
21	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	22	nmod:poss	_	_
22	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **abrade** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **scrape** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **wear away** | infinitive |  | the surface of something |  |  |  | away *property* | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent surface=Source |
| 5 | **rub** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme |
| 6 | **abrade** *in a quote* | past | the rough rope | rope's hands |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent hand=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wind full of sand abrades the rocks in the desert.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrade:x1:1
# text = Wind full of sand abrades the rocks in the desert.
1	Wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	amod	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	sand	sand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	abrades	abrade	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	desert	desert	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **abrade** | present | Wind | the rocks |  | the desert |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent rock=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The rough rope abraded his hands.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrade:x2:1
# text = The rough rope abraded his hands.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	rope	rope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	abraded	abrade	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **abrade** | past | the rough rope | rope's hands |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent hand=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pebbles carried by the river abrade the riverbed.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrade:x3:1
# text = Pebbles carried by the river abrade the riverbed.
1	Pebbles	pebble	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	carried	carry	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
3	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	abrade	abrade	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	riverbed	riverbed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | participle · passive | the river | Pebbles |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
| 2 | **abrade** | infinitive | the river *not said here* | the riverbed |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent riverbed=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She fell off her bike and abraded her knee.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrade:x4:1
# text = She fell off her bike and abraded her knee.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	off	off	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	abraded	abrade	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	knee	knee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall off** | past | She | her bike |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V NP.extent PP.source PP.goal»: agent=Patient bike=Extent |
| 2 | **abrade** | past | She *not said here* | her knee |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent knee=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sandpaper abrades the wood until it is smooth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrade:x5:1
# text = Sandpaper abrades the wood until it is smooth.
1	Sandpaper	sandpaper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	abrades	abrade	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	wood	wood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	smooth	smooth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **abrade** | present | Sandpaper | the wood |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent wood=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present | Sandpaper |  |  |  |  | smooth *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Glaciers abrade the rock beneath them, leaving scratches.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrade:x6:1
# text = Glaciers abrade the rock beneath them, leaving scratches.
1	Glaciers	glacier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	abrade	abrade	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	beneath	beneath	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	leaving	leave	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
9	scratches	scratch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **abrade** | present | Glaciers | the rock |  |  |  | beneath them *= they* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent rock=Patient |
| 2 | **leave** | gerund | Glaciers *not said here* | scratches |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent scratch=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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