---
title: abrasion — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «abrasion» in the school dictionary: A scrape on the skin where the top layer has been rubbed off, like a grazed knee. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# abrasion

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** surface, She, you, abrasion, river, stones · **What happens:** rub off, graze, wear away, rub, wear, fall off · **To what, where:** top layer, rocks, bike, abrasion, elbow, plaster

<!-- .vabout -->
«abrasion» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [abrasion in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/abrasion.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A scrape on the skin where the top layer has been rubbed off, like a grazed knee.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrasion:m1:1
# text = A scrape on the skin where the top layer has been rubbed off, like a grazed knee.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	scrape	scrape	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	12	advmod	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	top	top	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
11	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	12	aux:pass	_	_
12	rubbed	rub	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl:relcl	_	_
13	off	off	ADP	RP	_	12	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	like	like	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	grazed	graze	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	amod	_	_
18	knee	knee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rub off** | present · perfect · passive |  | the top layer |  |  |  | like a grazed knee | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **graze** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn dine-39.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The wearing away of a surface by rubbing, like rocks worn smooth by sand, water or wind.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrasion:m2:1
# text = The wearing away of a surface by rubbing, like rocks worn smooth by sand, water or wind.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	wearing	wear	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
3	away	away	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
8	rubbing	rub	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	like	like	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
12	worn	wear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl	_	_
13	smooth	smooth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	xcomp	_	_
14	by	by	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	sand	sand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear away** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | of a surface; away *property* | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent of surface=Source |
| 2 | **rub** | gerund | a surface *not said here* | rocks |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent rock=Theme |
| 3 | **wear** | participle |  | rocks *not said here* |  |  |  | by sand and water or wind; smooth *property* | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V PP-Conative»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She fell off her bike and got an abrasion on her elbow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrasion:x1:1
# text = She fell off her bike and got an abrasion on her elbow.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	off	off	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	abrasion	abrasion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	elbow	elbow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall off** | past | She | her bike |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V NP.extent PP.source PP.goal»: agent=Patient bike=Extent |
| 2 | **get** | past | She *not said here* | a abrasion |  | her elbow |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent abrasion=Theme on elbow=Source |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Clean an abrasion with clean water before putting on a plaster.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrasion:x2:1
# text = Clean an abrasion with clean water before putting on a plaster.
1	Clean	clean	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	abrasion	abrasion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	clean	clean	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
7	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
8	putting	put	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	advcl	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	plaster	plaster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **clean** | imperative | you *not said here* | a abrasion |  |  |  | with clean water | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent abrasion=Patient with water=Instrument |
| 2 | **put** | gerund | you *not said here* |  |  | a plaster |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent on plaster=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The rocks on the beach were smoothed by abrasion.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrasion:x3:1
# text = The rocks on the beach were smoothed by abrasion.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	smoothed	smooth	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	abrasion	abrasion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smooth** | past · passive | abrasion | the rocks on the beach |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The river carries stones that wear away its bed by abrasion.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrasion:x4:1
# text = The river carries stones that wear away its bed by abrasion.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	carries	carry	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	wear	wear	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	away	away	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
8	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	bed	bed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	abrasion	abrasion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | present | the river | stones |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stone=Theme |
| 2 | **wear away** | present | stones | river's bed |  |  |  | by abrasion; away *property* | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent bed=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He had only cuts and abrasions after the fall.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrasion:x5:1
# text = He had only cuts and abrasions after the fall.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	only	only	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	cuts	cut	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	abrasions	abrasion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
7	after	after	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	fall	fall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | He | cuts and abrasions |  |  | after the fall |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cut=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wind blowing sand causes abrasion in deserts.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrasion:x6:1
# text = Wind blowing sand causes abrasion in deserts.
1	Wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	blowing	blow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	1	acl	_	_
3	sand	sand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	causes	cause	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	abrasion	abrasion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	deserts	desert	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blow** | gerund | Wind *not said here* | sand |  |  |  |  | vn split-23.2 «NP V NP apart»: agent=Agent sand=Patient |
| 2 | **cause** | present | Wind | abrasion |  | deserts |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition abrasion=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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