---
title: abrupt — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «abrupt» in the school dictionary: Sudden and unexpected, often in an unpleasant way. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# abrupt

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** someone, bus, we, film, I, abrupt change · **What happens:** speak, come, lurch, have, be, end · **To what, where:** way, abrupt stop, abrupt ending, phone, hurry, abrupt drop · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«abrupt» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [abrupt in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/abrupt.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sudden and unexpected, often in an unpleasant way.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrupt:m1:1
# text = Sudden and unexpected, often in an unpleasant way.
1	Sudden	sudden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	unexpected	unexpected	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
5	often	often	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	unpleasant	unpleasant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Short and rude in the way someone speaks.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrupt:m2:1
# text = Short and rude in the way someone speaks.
1	Short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	8	nsubj	_	_
8	speaks	speak	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present | someone | the way *not said here* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: of a slope — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Very steep.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrupt:m3:1
# text = Very steep.
1	Very	very	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	steep	steep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bus came to an abrupt stop and we all lurched forward.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrupt:x1:1
# text = The bus came to an abrupt stop and we all lurched forward.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bus	bus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	abrupt	abrupt	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	stop	stop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
10	all	all	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	lurched	lurch	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
12	forward	forward	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | the bus |  |  | a abrupt stop |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to stop=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **lurch** | past | we |  |  |  |  | all, forward *property* | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The film had an abrupt ending.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrupt:x2:1
# text = The film had an abrupt ending.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	film	film	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	abrupt	abrupt	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	ending	ending	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the film | a abrupt ending |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ending=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sorry I was abrupt on the phone; I was in a hurry.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrupt:x3:1
# text = Sorry I was abrupt on the phone; I was in a hurry.
1	Sorry	sorry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	abrupt	abrupt	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	ccomp	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	phone	phone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
9	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
10	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	hurry	hurry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | I |  |  | the phone |  | abrupt *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | past | I |  |  | a hurry |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There was an abrupt change in the weather.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrupt:x4:1
# text = There was an abrupt change in the weather.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	abrupt	abrupt	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	change	change	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | a abrupt change in the weather |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The path ends in an abrupt drop to the sea.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrupt:x5:1
# text = The path ends in an abrupt drop to the sea.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	ends	end	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	abrupt	abrupt	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	drop	drop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **end** | present | the path |  |  | a abrupt drop to the sea |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
His abrupt answer made her feel hurt.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrupt:x6:1
# text = His abrupt answer made her feel hurt.
1	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	abrupt	abrupt	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	answer	answer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	feel	feel	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	hurt	hurt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | His abrupt answer | her *= she* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **feel** | infinitive | her *= she* *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-2 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **hurt** | participle | her *= she* *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **answer** |  | His *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom answer «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This abrupt departure was a great blow to the State, especially as no one had any idea what had become of the Prince.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:abrupt:x7:1
# text = This abrupt departure was a great blow to the State, especially as no one had any idea what had become of the Prince.
1	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
2	abrupt	abrupt	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	departure	departure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	blow	blow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	State	state	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
12	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
13	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
14	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	15	det	_	_
15	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
16	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
17	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	18	det	_	_
18	idea	idea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
19	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	21	nsubj	_	_
20	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
21	become	become	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	18	acl:relcl	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	Prince	Prince	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | this abrupt departure | a great blow |  |  |  | to the State | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** | past | no one | any idea |  |  |  | especially *property* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent idea=Patient |
| 3 | **become** | past · perfect | any idea |  |  |  |  | of the Prince | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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