---
title: accusative — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «accusative» in the school dictionary: In grammar, the accusative (or accusative case) is the form of a noun or pronoun used when it is the object of a verb, the one the action is done to. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# accusative

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** accusative, one, we, She, dog, der · **What happens:** be, use, do to, see, bite, change · **To what, where:** form, grammar, noun, object, action, it · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«accusative» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [accusative in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/accusative.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In grammar, the accusative (or accusative case) is the form of a noun or pronoun used when it is the object of a verb, the one the action is done to.

<!-- fold The tree, 31 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:accusative:m1:1
# text = In grammar, the accusative (or accusative case) is the form of a noun or pronoun used when it is the object of a verb, the one the action is done to.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	grammar	grammar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	accusative	accusative	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
6	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	accusative	accusative	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	case	case	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	9	punct	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	noun	noun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
17	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	pronoun	pronoun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	_
19	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	acl	_	_
20	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	24	advmod	_	_
21	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
22	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	24	cop	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	object	object	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	verb	verb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	appos	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	action	action	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	nsubj:pass	_	_
33	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	34	aux:pass	_	_
34	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	30	acl:relcl	_	_
35	to	to	ADP	TO	_	34	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the accusative | the form |  | grammar |  | of a noun or pronoun | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | a noun or pronoun *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is a** | present | accusative | the object |  |  |  | of a verb | tree rules |
| 4 | **do to** | present · passive | the one *not said here* | the action |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In English we see it only in pronouns: «me, him, her, us, them, whom» (for example, «She saw him»).

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:accusative:m2:1
# text = In English we see it only in pronouns: «me, him, her, us, them, whom» (for example, «She saw him»).
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
3	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	see	see	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	only	only	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	pronouns	pronoun	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
21	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	25	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	21	punct	_	_
23	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	for	for	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	example	example	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
27	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	nsubj	_	_
29	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
30	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | present | we | it |  | English |  | in pronouns  me | tree rules |
| 2 | **see** *in a quote* | past | She | English |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer he=Stimulus |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In «The dog bit him», «him» is in the accusative.

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:accusative:x1:1
# text = In «The dog bit him», «him» is in the accusative.
1	In	in	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
2	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	bit	bite	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	advcl	_	_
6	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	accusative	accusative	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bite** *in a quote* | past | the dog | him *= he* |  |  |  |  | vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  | the accusative |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In German, «der» changes to «den» in the accusative.

<!-- fold The tree, 9 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:accusative:x2:1
# text = In German, «der» changes to «den» in the accusative.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	German	German	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	der	der	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
7	changes	change	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	den	den	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	accusative	accusative	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | present | der |  |  | German |  | to den *result*; in the accusative | vn turn-26.6.1-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Agent to den=Result |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Latin nouns have different endings in the accusative.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:accusative:x3:1
# text = Latin nouns have different endings in the accusative.
1	Latin	Latin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	nouns	noun	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	endings	ending	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	accusative	accusative	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Latin nouns | different endings |  | the accusative |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ending=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Whom» is the accusative form of «who».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:accusative:x4:1
# text = «Whom» is the accusative form of «who».
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	accusative	accusative	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | the accusative form |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our language teacher drew a table of nominative and accusative pronouns.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:accusative:x5:1
# text = Our language teacher drew a table of nominative and accusative pronouns.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	drew	draw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	table	table	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	nominative	nominative	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	accusative	accusative	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	pronouns	pronoun	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | past | Our language teacher | a table of nominative and accusative pronouns |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent table=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Ukrainian the accusative of «книга» (book) is «книгу».

<!-- fold The tree, 9 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:accusative:x6:1
# text = In Ukrainian the accusative of «книга» (book) is «книгу».
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Ukrainian	Ukrainian	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	accusative	accusative	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	книга	книга	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
9	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	10	punct	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	книгу	книгу	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | the accusative of книга | книгу |  | Ukrainian |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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