---
title: accuser — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «accuser» in the school dictionary: An accuser is a person who says that someone else has done something wrong or committed a crime. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# accuser

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** accuser, person, someone, name, accusers, boy · **What happens:** be, say, do, accuse, tell, see · **To what, where:** person, something, name, Bible, people, judge · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«accuser» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [accuser in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/accuser.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An accuser is a person who says that someone else has done something wrong or committed a crime.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:accuser:m1:1
# text = An accuser is a person who says that someone else has done something wrong or committed a crime.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	accuser	accuser	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
9	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	12	nsubj	_	_
10	else	else	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
11	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	7	ccomp	_	_
13	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	12	obj	_	_
14	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	committed	committed	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	conj	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	crime	crime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a accuser | a person |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | a person |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **do** | present · perfect | someone | something |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: Bible — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the Bible, «the accuser» is a name for Satan, who accuses people before God.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:accuser:m2:1
# text = In the Bible, «the accuser» is a name for Satan, who accuses people before God.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Bible	Bible	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	accuser	accuser	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
12	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Satan	Satan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	16	nsubj	_	_
16	accuses	accuse	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	parataxis	_	_
17	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obj	_	_
18	before	before	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the accuser | a name |  | the Bible |  | for Satan | tree rules |
| 2 | **accuse** | present | a name | people |  |  | before God |  | vn suspect-81 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent people=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The accuser told the judge what she had seen.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:accuser:x1:1
# text = The accuser told the judge what she had seen.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	accuser	accuser	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	told	tell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	judge	judge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	iobj	_	_
6	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	9	obj	_	_
7	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | past | the accuser |  | the judge |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP what S»: agent=Agent judge=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **see** | past · perfect | accuser |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer what=Stimulus |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In a fair trial, the accused can answer the accuser.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:accuser:x2:1
# text = In a fair trial, the accused can answer the accuser.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	fair	fair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	trial	trial	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
7	accused	accuse	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	answer	answer	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	accuser	accuser	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accuse** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn suspect-81 «NP V PP.theme S\_ING»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **answer** *speech: assert* | can |  | the accuser |  | a fair trial |  |  | vn reciprocate-112-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent accuser=Eventuality |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The boy's accusers said he had taken the ball.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:accuser:x3:1
# text = The boy's accusers said he had taken the ball.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	accusers	accuser	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	taken	take	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	ccomp	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	ball	ball	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the boy's accusers |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **take** | past · perfect | boy | the ball |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ball=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It turned out that the accuser had lied.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:accuser:x4:1
# text = It turned out that the accuser had lied.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	out	out	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	accuser	accuser	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
7	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	lied	lie	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn out** | past | It |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **lie** | past · perfect | the accuser |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
(Bible) Revelation calls Satan «the accuser of our brothers».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:accuser:x5:1
# text = (Bible) Revelation calls Satan «the accuser of our brothers».
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Bible	Bible	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	Revelation	Revelation	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	calls	call	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	Satan	Satan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	accuser	accuser	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	xcomp	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	brothers	brother	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present | Bible |  | Satan |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent satan=Recipient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The accuser pointed at the empty biscuit tin and then at me.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:accuser:x6:1
# text = The accuser pointed at the empty biscuit tin and then at me.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	accuser	accuser	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	pointed	point	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	empty	empty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	biscuit	biscuit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	tin	tin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
10	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	12	advmod	_	_
11	at	at	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **point** | participle |  | the accuser *not said here* |  | the empty biscuit tin |  |  | vn wink-40.3.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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