---
title: adduce — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «adduce» in the school dictionary: To give something as a reason or proof in an argument: to adduce evidence is to bring it forward to support what you say. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# adduce

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** evidence, you, lawyer, she, three reasons, her · **What happens:** give, adduce, be, support, say, save · **To what, where:** something, new evidence, court, three reasons, essay, woods · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«adduce» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [adduce in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/adduce.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To give something as a reason or proof in an argument: to adduce evidence is to bring it forward to support what you say.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:adduce:m1:1
# text = To give something as a reason or proof in an argument: to adduce evidence is to bring it forward to support what you say.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	give	give	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	as	as	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	reason	reason	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	proof	proof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	argument	argument	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	adduce	adduce	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
15	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
16	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
17	to	to	PART	TO	_	18	mark	_	_
18	bring	bring	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	ccomp	_	_
19	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	obj	_	_
20	forward	forward	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
21	to	to	PART	TO	_	22	mark	_	_
22	support	support	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	advcl	_	_
23	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	25	obj	_	_
24	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
25	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  | as a reason or proof in a argument | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Theme |
| 2 | **adduce** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | present | evidence |  |  |  |  | bring, forward *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **support** | to-infinitive | evidence *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 5 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent what=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lawyer adduced new evidence in court.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:adduce:x1:1
# text = The lawyer adduced new evidence in court.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lawyer	lawyer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	adduced	adduce	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **adduce** | past | the lawyer | new evidence |  | court |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In her essay she adduced three reasons for saving the woods.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:adduce:x2:1
# text = In her essay she adduced three reasons for saving the woods.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	essay	essay	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
4	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	adduced	adduce	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	reasons	reason	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
8	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	saving	save	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	acl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	woods	wood	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **adduce** | past | she | three reasons |  | her essay |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **save** | gerund | three reasons *not said here* | the woods |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wood=Theme |
| 3 | **essay** |  | her *= she* |  |  |  |  |  | nom essay «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists must adduce data to back up their claims.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:adduce:x3:1
# text = Scientists must adduce data to back up their claims.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	adduce	adduce	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	data	data	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	back	back	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
7	up	up	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	_
8	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	claims	claim	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **adduce** | must | Scientists | data |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **back up** | to-infinitive | Scientists *not said here* | Scientists's claims |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent claim=Agent |
| 3 | **claim** |  | Scientists *= scientist* |  |  |  |  |  | nom claim «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He could adduce no proof that the dog ate his homework.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:adduce:x4:1
# text = He could adduce no proof that the dog ate his homework.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	adduce	adduce	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	5	det	_	_
5	proof	proof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl	_	_
10	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	homework	homework	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **adduce** | could | He | no proof |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **eat** | past | the dog | dog's homework |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent homework=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The teacher asked us to adduce examples from the text.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:adduce:x5:1
# text = The teacher asked us to adduce examples from the text.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	asked	ask	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	iobj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	adduce	adduce	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
7	examples	example	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ask** *speech: ask* | past | the teacher |  | us |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP whether S\_INF»: agent=Agent we=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **adduce** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | the teacher *not said here* | examples |  | the text |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Several facts were adduced to show the bridge was unsafe.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:adduce:x6:1
# text = Several facts were adduced to show the bridge was unsafe.
1	Several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	facts	fact	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	adduced	adduce	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	show	show	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	advcl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	bridge	bridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	unsafe	unsafe	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **adduce** | past · passive |  | Several facts |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **show** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | past | the bridge |  |  |  |  | unsafe *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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