---
title: affix — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «affix» in the school dictionary: noun (grammar): A letter group added to a word to change its meaning: a prefix at the start (un-, re-) or a suffix at the end (-ful, -ness). Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# affix

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** word, Un, you, affix · **What happens:** add, change, mean, stick, fix, attach · **To what, where:** letter group, meaning, something, affixes, affix, stamp · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«affix» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [affix in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/affix.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
noun (grammar): A letter group added to a word to change its meaning: a prefix at the start (un-, re-) or a suffix at the end (-ful, -ness).

<!-- fold The tree, 28 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:affix:m1:1
# text = noun (grammar): A letter group added to a word to change its meaning: a prefix at the start (un-, re-) or a suffix at the end (-ful, -ness).
1	noun	noun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	grammar	grammar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
6	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	_
9	added	add	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	change	change	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	advcl	_	_
15	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	meaning	meaning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	19	punct	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	prefix	prefix	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
20	at	at	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	start	start	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	_
23	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	un	un	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
27	re	re	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	27	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	27	punct	_	_
30	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
31	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	suffix	suffix	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	conj	_	_
33	at	at	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	_
36	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	38	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	38	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	ful	ful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	35	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	41	punct	_	_
40	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	41	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	ness	ness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **add** *speech: assert* | participle |  | a letter group and a prefix at the start *not said here* |  |  |  | to a word | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle PP»: agent=Patient to word=Co-Patient |
| 2 | **change** | to-infinitive |  | word's meaning |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent meaning=Patient |
| 3 | **mean** |  | word |  |  |  |  |  | nom meaning «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
verb (formal).

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:affix:m2:1
# text = verb (formal).
1	verb	verb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	formal	formal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To stick, fix or attach something to something else.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:affix:m2e:1
# text = To stick, fix or attach something to something else.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	stick	stick	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	fix	fix	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	attach	attach	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	obj	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	obl	_	_
10	else	else	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stick** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **fix** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **attach** | infinitive |  | something |  |  |  | to something | vn shake-22.3-2-1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent something=Patient to something=Co-Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Un-» and «-ful» are both affixes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:affix:x1:1
# text = «Un-» and «-ful» are both affixes.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Un	Un	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	ful	ful	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	_
10	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
11	both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	12	det	_	_
12	affixes	affix	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Un and ful | both affixes |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Add an affix to «help» to make «helpful».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:affix:x2:1
# text = Add an affix to «help» to make «helpful».
1	Add	add	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	affix	affix	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	help	help	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	helpful	helpful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **add** *speech: assert* | imperative | you *not said here* | a affix |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent affix=Patient |
| 2 | **help** *in a quote* | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **make** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | helpful *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Affix a stamp to the envelope.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:affix:x3:1
# text = Affix a stamp to the envelope.
1	Affix	affix	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	stamp	stamp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	envelope	envelope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **affix** | imperative | you *not said here* | a stamp |  |  |  | to the envelope | vn shake-22.3-2-1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent stamp=Patient to envelope=Co-Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Please affix your photo here.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:affix:x4:1
# text = Please affix your photo here.
1	Please	please	INTJ	UH	_	2	discourse	_	_
2	affix	affix	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	photo	photo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **affix** | imperative | you *not said here* | your photo |  | here |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent photo=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The notice was affixed to the door.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:affix:x5:1
# text = The notice was affixed to the door.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	notice	notice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	affixed	affix	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **affix** | past · passive |  | the notice |  |  |  | to the door | vn shake-22.3-2-1 «NP V NP PP»: subject=Patient to door=Co-Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In «replay», the affix «re-» means again.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:affix:x6:1
# text = In «replay», the affix «re-» means again.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	replay	replay	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	affix	affix	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	re	re	ADP	IN	_	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	_
12	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	again	again	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | the affix |  |  |  | again | in replay | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot in replay=Attribute |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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