---
title: aforesaid — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «aforesaid» in the school dictionary: Mentioned earlier in the same piece of writing or speech; the one already named. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# aforesaid

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**Who acts:** aforesaid cake, Prigio · **What happens:** mention, name, flatten, be · **To what, where:** one, heart, prince

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«aforesaid» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 2 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [aforesaid in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/aforesaid.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mentioned earlier in the same piece of writing or speech; the one already named.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:aforesaid:m1:1
# text = Mentioned earlier in the same piece of writing or speech; the one already named.
1	Mentioned	mention	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	earlier	early	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	1	advmod	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	piece	piece	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	writing	writing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj:pass	_	_
14	already	already	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
15	named	name	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mention** *speech: other* | participle |  |  |  |  |  | early *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **name** | participle · passive |  | the one |  |  |  |  | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The aforesaid cake flattened his heart.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:aforesaid:x1:1
# text = The aforesaid cake flattened his heart.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	aforesaid	aforesaid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	cake	cake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	flattened	flatten	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **flatten** | past | the aforesaid cake | his heart |  |  |  |  | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP.instrument V NP»: agent=Instrument heart=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Prigio, of the aforesaid tales, was a prince.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:aforesaid:x2:1
# text = Prigio, of the aforesaid tales, was a prince.
1	Prigio	Prigio	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	aforesaid	aforesaid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	tales	tale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	prince	prince	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Prigio and the aforesaid tales | a prince |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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