---
title: afrikaans — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «afrikaans» in the school dictionary: Afrikaans is a language spoken in South Africa and Namibia. It grew from Dutch brought by settlers in the 1600s, with words from Malay, Portuguese, Khoekhoe and other languages. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# afrikaans

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Afrikaans, Dankie, word, friend, We · **What happens:** be, speak, grow, bring, mean, thank · **To what, where:** language, South Africa, Dutch, 1600s, one, you · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«afrikaans» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [afrikaans in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/afrikaans.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Afrikaans is a language spoken in South Africa and Namibia. It grew from Dutch brought by settlers in the 1600s, with words from Malay, Portuguese, Khoekhoe and other languages.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Afrikaans is a language spoken in South Africa and Namibia.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:afrikaans:m1:1
# text = Afrikaans is a language spoken in South Africa and Namibia.
1	Afrikaans	afrikaans	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	South	South	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	Africa	Africa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	Namibia	Namibia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Afrikaans | a language |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | participle |  | a language *not said here* |  | South Africa and Namibia |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* It grew from Dutch brought by settlers in the 1600s, with words from Malay, Portuguese, Khoekhoe and other languages.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:afrikaans:m1:2
# text = It grew from Dutch brought by settlers in the 1600s, with words from Malay, Portuguese, Khoekhoe and other languages.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	grew	grow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Dutch	Dutch	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	brought	bring	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	xcomp	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	settlers	settler	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl:agent	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	1600s	1600	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
14	from	from	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	Malay	Malay	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	Portuguese	portuguese	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	Khoekhoe	Khoekhoe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
21	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | past | Afrikaans |  |  | Dutch |  | with words from Malay and Khoekhoe and other languages | tree rules |
| 2 | **bring** | participle | Afrikaans *not said here* |  |  | the 1600s |  |  | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Afrikaans is one of South Africa's official languages.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:afrikaans:x1:1
# text = Afrikaans is one of South Africa's official languages.
1	Afrikaans	afrikaans	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
5	South	South	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	Africa	Africa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	's	's	PART	POS	_	6	case	_	_
8	official	official	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Afrikaans | one |  |  |  | of South Africa's official languages | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Dankie» means «thank you» in Afrikaans.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:afrikaans:x2:1
# text = «Dankie» means «thank you» in Afrikaans.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Dankie	Dankie	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	thank	thank	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Afrikaans	Afrikaans	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Dankie |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **thank** *speech: thank* *in a quote* | present |  |  | you | Afrikaans |  |  | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent you=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The word «aardvark» comes from Afrikaans and means «earth pig».

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:afrikaans:x3:1
# text = The word «aardvark» comes from Afrikaans and means «earth pig».
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	aardvark	aardvark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Afrikaans	Afrikaans	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	earth	earth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	pig	pig	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | the word |  |  | Afrikaans |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from afrikaans=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **mean** | present | the word *not said here* | earth pig |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pig=Topic |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My friend from Cape Town speaks English and Afrikaans.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:afrikaans:x4:1
# text = My friend from Cape Town speaks English and Afrikaans.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	Cape	Cape	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	Town	Town	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	speaks	speak	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	Afrikaans	Afrikaans	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present | My friend from Cape Town | English and Afrikaans |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Afrikaans is closely related to Dutch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:afrikaans:x5:1
# text = Afrikaans is closely related to Dutch.
1	Afrikaans	afrikaans	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	closely	closely	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	related	related	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Dutch	dutch	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Afrikaans |  |  |  |  | to Dutch; closely, related *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We listened to a song in Afrikaans.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:afrikaans:x6:1
# text = We listened to a song in Afrikaans.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	listened	listen	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	song	song	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Afrikaans	Afrikaans	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **listen** | past | We |  |  | Afrikaans |  | to a song | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent to song=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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