---
title: aghast — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «aghast» in the school dictionary: Shocked and horrified, struck dumb by surprise or fear. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# aghast

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**Who acts:** youth, king, Nibs, We · **What happens:** strike, stand, word, exclaim, be, see · **To what, where:** words, broken window

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«aghast» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [aghast in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/aghast.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Shocked and horrified, struck dumb by surprise or fear.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:aghast:m1:1
# text = Shocked and horrified, struck dumb by surprise or fear.
1	Shocked	shocked	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	horrified	horrified	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	struck	strike	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	conj	_	_
6	dumb	dumb	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	surprise	surprise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	fear	fear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **strike** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by surprise or fear; dumb *property* | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme by surprise=Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The youth stood aghast at the king's words.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:aghast:x1:1
# text = The youth stood aghast at the king's words.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	youth	youth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	stood	stand	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	aghast	aghast	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	's	's	PART	POS	_	7	case	_	_
9	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | past | the youth |  |  | the king's words |  | aghast *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent at word=Location |
| 2 | **word** |  | the king |  |  |  |  |  | nom word «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"She won't!" Nibs exclaimed, aghast.

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*Sentence 1:* "She won't!"

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:aghast:x2:1
# text = "She won't!"
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wo	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
```

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The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

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*Sentence 2:* Nibs exclaimed, aghast.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:aghast:x2:2
# text = Nibs exclaimed, aghast.
1	Nibs	nib	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	exclaimed	exclaim	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	aghast	aghast	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **exclaim** *speech: express* | participle | Nibs |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We were aghast to see the broken window.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:aghast:x3:1
# text = We were aghast to see the broken window.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	aghast	aghast	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	broken	broken	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | We |  |  |  |  | aghast *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **see** | to-infinitive | We *not said here* | the broken window |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer window=Stimulus |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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