---
title: alone — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «alone» in the school dictionary: Alone means without anyone else: if you are alone, nobody is with you. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# alone

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, nobody, Sam, Mia, garden, Tom · **What happens:** mean, be, know, leave, not touch, bother · **To what, where:** one, secret, fence, 4 cookies, 50 dollars, 30 apples · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«alone» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 11 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [alone in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/alone.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Alone means without anyone else: if you are alone, nobody is with you.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:alone:m1:1
# text = Alone means without anyone else: if you are alone, nobody is with you.
1	Alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	without	without	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	anyone	anyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obl	_	_
5	else	else	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
7	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	alone	alone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	nobody	nobody	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	15	nsubj	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	with	with	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | without anyone; alone *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | you |  |  |  |  | alone *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | present | nobody |  |  |  |  | with you | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Alone means without help.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:alone:m2:1
# text = Alone means without help.
1	Alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	without	without	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	help	help	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | without help; alone *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Alone means only, just that one: «You alone know the secret».

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:alone:m3:1
# text = Alone means only, just that one: «You alone know the secret».
1	Alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	only	only	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	just	just	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
6	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	7	det	_	_
7	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
11	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	know	know	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	secret	secret	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  | that one |  |  |  | alone *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **know** *in a quote* | present | You | the secret |  |  |  | alone *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer secret=Stimulus |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Leave alone» means do not touch or bother.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:alone:m4:1
# text = «Leave alone» means do not touch or bother.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Leave	leave	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	touch	touch	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	ccomp	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	bother	bother	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | alone *property* | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **not** **touch** | infinitive · do-support |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **bother** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sam alone can paint the fence in 6 hours.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:alone:x1:1
# text = Sam alone can paint the fence in 6 hours.
1	Sam	Sam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	paint	paint	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	fence	fence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	6	6	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	hours	hour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **paint** | can | Sam | the fence |  |  | hour |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent fence=Destination |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mia ate 4 cookies alone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:alone:x2:1
# text = Mia ate 4 cookies alone.
1	Mia	Mia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	cookies	cookie	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | past | Mia | 4 cookies |  |  |  | alone *property* | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cookie=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The garden alone costs 50 dollars.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:alone:x3:1
# text = The garden alone costs 50 dollars.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	garden	garden	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	costs	cost	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	50	50	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	dollars	dollar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cost** | present | the garden | 50 dollars |  |  |  |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme dollar=Value |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Working alone, Tom picks 30 apples an hour.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:alone:x4:1
# text = Working alone, Tom picks 30 apples an hour.
1	Working	work	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
2	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
4	Tom	Tom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	picks	pick	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	30	30	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	apples	apple	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	hour	hour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work** | gerund | Tom *not said here* |  |  |  |  | alone *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **pick** | present | Tom | 30 apples |  |  | hour |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent apple=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Leave the cat alone, it is sleeping.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:alone:x5:1
# text = Leave the cat alone, it is sleeping.
1	Leave	leave	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	cat	cat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	sleeping	sleep	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | imperative | you *not said here* | the cat |  |  |  | alone *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cat=Theme |
| 2 | **sleep** | present · progressive | cat |  |  |  |  |  | vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She walked home alone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:alone:x6:1
# text = She walked home alone.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	walked	walk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	home	home	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk** | past | She |  |  |  |  | alone, home *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You are not alone, we will help.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:alone:x7:1
# text = You are not alone, we will help.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	alone	alone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	help	help	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is** | present | You |  |  |  |  | alone *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **help** | future | we |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The old man lived alone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:alone:x8:1
# text = The old man lived alone.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | the old man |  |  |  |  | alone *property* | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never swim alone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:alone:x9:1
# text = Never swim alone.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	swim	swim	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **swim** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | alone *property* | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He can't ride a bike, let alone drive a car.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:alone:x10:1
# text = He can't ride a bike, let alone drive a car.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	ca	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	ride	ride	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	let	let	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	_
9	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
10	drive	drive	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **ride** | can | He | a bike |  |  |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bike=Theme |
| 2 | **let** | infinitive | He *not said here* |  |  |  |  | alone *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **drive** | infinitive | He *not said here* | a car |  |  |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme car=Trajectory |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Peter was alone on the lagoon.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:alone:x11:1
# text = Peter was alone on the lagoon.
1	Peter	Peter	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	lagoon	lagoon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Peter |  |  | the lagoon |  | alone *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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