---
title: already — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «already» in the school dictionary: Already means before now, or before a certain time. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# already

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, She, He, tank, I, it · **What happens:** mean, expect, be, read, have, arrive · **To what, where:** 40 pages, 12 stamps, 15 guests, 8 liters, lunch, times tables · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«already» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 11 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [already in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/already.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Already means before now, or before a certain time.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:already:m1:1
# text = Already means before now, or before a certain time.
1	Already	already	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	before	before	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
7	before	before	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	certain	certain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Already means sooner than expected: «Are you finished already?».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:already:m2:1
# text = Already means sooner than expected: «Are you finished already?».
1	Already	already	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	sooner	soon	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	2	advmod	_	_
4	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	expected	expect	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	2	punct	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	Are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	finished	finish	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
11	already	already	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | soon *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **expect** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** *in a quote* | present | you |  |  |  |  | finish *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She has already read 40 pages.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:already:x1:1
# text = She has already read 40 pages.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	already	already	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	read	read	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	40	40	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	pages	page	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **read** | present · perfect | She | 40 pages |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent page=Topic |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He already has 12 stamps.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:already:x2:1
# text = He already has 12 stamps.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	already	already	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	12	12	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	stamps	stamp	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | He | 12 stamps |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stamp=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
15 guests have already arrived.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:already:x3:1
# text = 15 guests have already arrived.
1	15	15	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	guests	guest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	already	already	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	arrived	arrive	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **arrive** | present · perfect · passive |  | 15 guests |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The tank already holds 8 liters.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:already:x4:1
# text = The tank already holds 8 liters.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	tank	tank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	already	already	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	holds	hold	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	8	8	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	liters	liter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | present | the tank | 8 liters |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent liter=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I've already eaten lunch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:already:x5:1
# text = I've already eaten lunch.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	've	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	already	already	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	eaten	eat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	lunch	lunch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | present · perfect | I | lunch |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lunch=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Is it dark already?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:already:x6:1
# text = Is it dark already?
1	Is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
2	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	already	already	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | it |  |  |  |  | dark *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bus has already left.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:already:x7:1
# text = The bus has already left.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bus	bus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	already	already	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | present · perfect | the bus |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You're home already?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:already:x8:1
# text = You're home already?
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	're	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	home	home	ADV	RB	_	0	root	_	_
4	already	already	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | You |  |  |  |  | home *property* | tree rules |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She already knew how to swim.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:already:x9:1
# text = She already knew how to swim.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	already	already	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	swim	swim	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **know** | past | She |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **swim** | to-infinitive | She *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We have already learned our times tables.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:already:x10:1
# text = We have already learned our times tables.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	already	already	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	learned	learn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	compound	_	_
7	tables	table	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | present · perfect | We | our times tables |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent table=Topic |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"They're quite full already," answers Nicholas.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:already:x11:1
# text = "They're quite full already," answers Nicholas.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	're	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	quite	quite	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	advcl	_	_
6	already	already	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	_
9	answers	answer	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	Nicholas	Nicholas	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** *in a quote* | present | They |  |  |  |  | full *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **answer** *speech: assert* | present | Nicholas |  |  |  |  |  | vn reciprocate-112-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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