---
title: analects — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «analects» in the school dictionary: A collection of short sayings or pieces of writing chosen from a writer or teacher. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# analects

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Analects, We, Confucius, learning, teacher, Many people · **What happens:** choose, say, be, read, treat, show · **To what, where:** writing, Confucius, sayings, line, Analects, others · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«analects» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [analects in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/analects.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A collection of short sayings or pieces of writing chosen from a writer or teacher.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:analects:m1:1
# text = A collection of short sayings or pieces of writing chosen from a writer or teacher.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	collection	collection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	sayings	saying	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	pieces	piece	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	writing	writing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
10	chosen	choose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	writer	writer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl:agent	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **choose** | participle |  | writing *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Analects: the famous book of sayings of Confucius, a wise teacher in ancient China.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:analects:m2:1
# text = The Analects: the famous book of sayings of Confucius, a wise teacher in ancient China.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Analects	Analect	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	sayings	saying	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Confucius	Confucius	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	wise	wise	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	China	China	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** |  |  | Confucius |  |  |  |  | nom saying «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Analects are sayings of the Chinese teacher Confucius.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:analects:x1:1
# text = The Analects are sayings of the Chinese teacher Confucius.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Analects	Analect	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	sayings	saying	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	Chinese	Chinese	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
9	Confucius	Confucius	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the Analects | sayings |  |  |  | of the Chinese teacher | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We read a line from The Analects about treating others well.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:analects:x2:1
# text = We read a line from The Analects about treating others well.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	read	read	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Analects	analects	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	about	about	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	treating	treat	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
10	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
11	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **read** | past | We | a line |  | the Analects |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent line=Topic from analects=Source |
| 2 | **treat** | gerund | We *not said here* | others |  |  |  | well *property* | vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent other=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In The Analects, Confucius says that learning should be a joy.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:analects:x3:1
# text = In The Analects, Confucius says that learning should be a joy.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Analects	Analect	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	Confucius	Confucius	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
8	learning	learning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
9	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
10	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	cop	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	joy	joy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Confucius |  |  | the Analects |  |  | vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP PP.manner»: agent=Agent in analect=Manner |
| 2 | **is a** | should | learning | a joy |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our teacher showed us a page of The Analects in Chinese.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:analects:x4:1
# text = Our teacher showed us a page of The Analects in Chinese.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	iobj	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	page	page	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	Analects	Analect	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Chinese	Chinese	PROPN	NNP	_	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | Our teacher | a page of the Analects in Chinese | us |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent we=Recipient page=Topic |
| 2 | **page** |  |  | the Analects in Chinese |  |  |  |  | nom page «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Analects teach respect for parents and older people.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:analects:x5:1
# text = The Analects teach respect for parents and older people.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Analects	Analect	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	teach	teach	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	respect	respect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	parents	parent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	9	amod	_	_
9	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **teach** *speech: other* | present | the Analects | respect |  |  |  | for parents and older people | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent respect=Recipient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many people in China still quote The Analects.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:analects:x6:1
# text = Many people in China still quote The Analects.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	China	China	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	still	still	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	quote	quote	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	Analects	Analect	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **quote** *speech: other* | infinitive | Many people in China | the Analects |  |  | still |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent analect=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Analects is a book of short wise sayings.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:analects:x7:1
# text = The Analects is a book of short wise sayings.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Analects	analects	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
8	wise	wise	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	sayings	saying	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the Analects | a book |  |  |  | of short wise sayings | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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