---
title: antibiotic — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «antibiotic» in the school dictionary: A medicine that kills bacteria or stops them from growing, used to treat infections caused by bacteria, like some ear or chest infections. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# antibiotic

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** medicine, doctor, my, Antibiotics, viruses, you · **What happens:** kill, stop, grow, use, treat, cause · **To what, where:** bacteria, infections, antibiotics, me, colds, whole course · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«antibiotic» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [antibiotic in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/antibiotic.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A medicine that kills bacteria or stops them from growing, used to treat infections caused by bacteria, like some ear or chest infections.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:antibiotic:m1:1
# text = A medicine that kills bacteria or stops them from growing, used to treat infections caused by bacteria, like some ear or chest infections.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	kills	kill	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	stops	stop	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
8	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	from	from	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	growing	grow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	parataxis	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	treat	treat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	advcl	_	_
15	infections	infection	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	_
16	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	acl	_	_
17	by	by	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
20	like	like	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
21	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	25	det	_	_
22	ear	ear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	compound	_	_
23	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	chest	chest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	conj	_	_
25	infections	infection	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | present | a medicine | bacteria |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacterium=Theme |
| 2 | **stop** | present | a medicine *not said here* | bacteria *= bacterium* |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality they=Eventuality |
| 3 | **grow** | gerund | a medicine *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **use** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **treat** | to-infinitive |  | infections |  |  |  |  | vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent infection=Recipient |
| 6 | **cause** | participle |  | infections *not said here* |  |  |  | like some ear infections | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The doctor gave me antibiotics for my ear infection.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:antibiotic:x1:1
# text = The doctor gave me antibiotics for my ear infection.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	iobj	_	_
5	antibiotics	antibiotic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
8	ear	ear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	infection	infection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the doctor | antibiotics | me |  |  | for my ear infection | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP NP PP.asset»: agent=Agent i=Recipient antibiotic=Theme for infection=Asset |
| 2 | **infect** |  | my |  |  |  |  |  | nom infection «state transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Antibiotics don't work on colds, because colds are caused by viruses.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:antibiotic:x2:1
# text = Antibiotics don't work on colds, because colds are caused by viruses.
1	Antibiotics	antibiotic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	work	work	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	colds	cold	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
9	colds	cold	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
10	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	advcl	_	_
12	by	by	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	viruses	virus	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **work** | present · do-support | Antibiotics |  |  |  |  | on colds | vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent on cold=Theme |
| 2 | **cause** | present · passive | viruses | colds |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Finish the whole course of antibiotics.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:antibiotic:x3:1
# text = Finish the whole course of antibiotics.
1	Finish	finish	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	course	course	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	antibiotics	antibiotic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **finish** | imperative | you *not said here* | the whole course of antibiotics |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality course=Eventuality |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Penicillin was the first antibiotic.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:antibiotic:x4:1
# text = Penicillin was the first antibiotic.
1	Penicillin	Penicillin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	5	amod	_	_
5	antibiotic	antibiotic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Penicillin | the first antibiotic |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She put antibiotic cream on the infected cut.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:antibiotic:x5:1
# text = She put antibiotic cream on the infected cut.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	put	put	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	antibiotic	antibiotic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	cream	cream	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	infected	infect	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
8	cut	cut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | past | She | antibiotic cream |  | the infected cut |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent cream=Theme on cut=Destination |
| 2 | **infect** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never take someone else's antibiotics.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:antibiotic:x6:1
# text = Never take someone else's antibiotics.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	nmod:poss	_	_
4	else	else	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	3	case	_	_
6	antibiotics	antibiotic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **take** | imperative | you *not said here* | someone's antibiotics |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent antibiotic=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Take your antibiotic with food, the label says.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:antibiotic:x7:1
# text = Take your antibiotic with food, the label says.
1	Take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	antibiotic	antibiotic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	label	label	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | imperative | you *not said here* | your antibiotic |  |  |  | with food | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent antibiotic=Theme |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | the label |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bacteria can become resistant if antibiotics are overused.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:antibiotic:x8:1
# text = Bacteria can become resistant if antibiotics are overused.
1	Bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	become	become	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	resistant	resistant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	antibiotics	antibiotic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
7	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	overused	overuse	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | can | Bacteria |  |  |  |  | resistant *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **overuse** *a condition, not said to happen* | present · passive |  | antibiotics |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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