---
title: apostrophe — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «apostrophe» in the school dictionary: An apostrophe is a punctuation mark (') used to show that letters are missing in a shortened word: «don't» means «do not». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# apostrophe

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** apostrophe, letters, something, speaker, o, This · **What happens:** be, use, show, shorten, not do, mean · **To what, where:** punctuation mark, shortened word, apostrophe, coat, left, it · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«apostrophe» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [apostrophe in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/apostrophe.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An apostrophe is a punctuation mark (') used to show that letters are missing in a shortened word: «don't» means «do not».

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:apostrophe:m1:1
# text = An apostrophe is a punctuation mark (') used to show that letters are missing in a shortened word: «don't» means «do not».
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	apostrophe	apostrophe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	punctuation	punctuation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	mark	mark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	7	punct	_	_
10	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl:relcl	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	show	show	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	advcl	_	_
13	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
14	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	_
15	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
16	missing	missing	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	ccomp	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	shortened	shorten	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	20	amod	_	_
20	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	23	punct	_	_
22	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	do	do	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	26	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	23	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	23	punct	_	_
26	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
27	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	26	ccomp	_	_
29	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	28	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a apostrophe | a punctuation mark |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | a punctuation mark *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **show** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **is** | present | letters |  |  | a shortened word |  | missing *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **shorten** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 6 | **not** **do** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 7 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 8 | **not** **do** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An apostrophe also shows that something belongs to someone: «Sam's bag».

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:apostrophe:m2:1
# text = An apostrophe also shows that something belongs to someone: «Sam's bag».
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	apostrophe	apostrophe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	nsubj	_	_
7	belongs	belong	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	Sam	Sam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	's	's	PART	POS	_	12	case	_	_
14	bag	bag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | a apostrophe |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **belong** | present | something |  |  |  |  | to someone | vn attend-107.4-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: literature, formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An apostrophe is also when a speaker in a poem talks directly to someone absent or a thing, like «O Moon!».

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:apostrophe:m3:1
# text = An apostrophe is also when a speaker in a poem talks directly to someone absent or a thing, like «O Moon!».
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	apostrophe	apostrophe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
5	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	11	mark	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	speaker	speaker	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	poem	poem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	talks	talk	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
12	directly	directly	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
13	to	to	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	11	obl	_	_
15	absent	absent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
20	like	like	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	O	O	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
23	Moon	Moon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a speaker in a poem |  |  |  |  | to someone; directly, talk *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Don't» has an apostrophe where the «o» is missing.

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:apostrophe:x1:1
# text = «Don't» has an apostrophe where the «o» is missing.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Do	do	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
5	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	apostrophe	apostrophe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	14	advmod	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	o	o	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
14	missing	missing	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **do** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **have** | present |  | a apostrophe |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent apostrophe=Patient |
| 3 | **is** | present | the o |  |  |  |  | missing *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This is Mia's coat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:apostrophe:x2:1
# text = This is Mia's coat.
1	This	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	Mia	Mia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	's	's	PART	POS	_	3	case	_	_
5	coat	coat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | This | Mia's coat |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The girls' changing room is on the left.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:apostrophe:x3:1
# text = The girls' changing room is on the left.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	girls	girl	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	'	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	changing	change	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	left	left	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | the girls's changing room |  |  | the left |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«It's» means «it is»; «its» means «belonging to it».

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:apostrophe:x4:1
# text = «It's» means «it is»; «its» means «belonging to it».
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	_
14	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
15	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	belonging	belong	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	14	ccomp	_	_
17	to	to	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | mean *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** *in a quote* | present | it |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **mean** | present | its *= it* |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **belong** *in a quote* | gerund |  |  | it |  |  |  | vn attend-107.4-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Do not use an apostrophe to make a plural: «bananas», not «banana's».

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:apostrophe:x5:1
# text = Do not use an apostrophe to make a plural: «bananas», not «banana's».
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
2	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	use	use	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	apostrophe	apostrophe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	plural	plural	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	bananas	banana	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	17	advmod	_	_
16	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	banana	banana	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	's	's	PART	POS	_	17	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **use** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | a apostrophe |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent apostrophe=Theme clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | a plural |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset plural=Product |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«The children's paintings» uses «'s» because «children» is already plural.

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:apostrophe:x6:1
# text = «The children's paintings» uses «'s» because «children» is already plural.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	's	's	PART	POS	_	3	case	_	_
5	paintings	painting	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
7	uses	use	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	's	's	PART	POS	_	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
11	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	_
15	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
16	already	already	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	plural	plural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | the children's paintings |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 's=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present | children |  |  |  |  | plural *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Who's» means «who is».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:apostrophe:x7:1
# text = «Who's» means «who is».
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | mean *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** *in a quote* | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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