---
title: arabic — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «arabic» in the school dictionary: Arabic is the language spoken by many millions of people in the Middle East and North Africa. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# arabic

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Arabic, Arabic numerals, friend, We, Arabic alphabet, mosque · **What happens:** be, speak, describe, connect, write, leave · **To what, where:** language, things, usual number signs, Arabic, right, Arabic numerals · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«arabic» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [arabic in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/arabic.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Arabic is the language spoken by many millions of people in the Middle East and North Africa.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:arabic:m1:1
# text = Arabic is the language spoken by many millions of people in the Middle East and North Africa.
1	Arabic	Arabic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	millions	million	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl:agent	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	Middle	Middle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	East	East	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	North	North	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	Africa	Africa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Arabic | the language |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | participle |  | the language *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Arabic describes things connected with the Arabic language, Arabs and their culture, like Arabic writing or Arabic food.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:arabic:m2:1
# text = Arabic describes things connected with the Arabic language, Arabs and their culture, like Arabic writing or Arabic food.
1	Arabic	Arabic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	describes	describe	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	connected	connect	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	Arabic	Arabic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	Arabs	Arab	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	culture	culture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	like	like	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	Arabic	Arabic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	writing	writing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	Arabic	Arabic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	compound	_	_
20	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **describe** | present | Arabic | things |  |  |  | like Arabic writing or Arabic food | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent thing=Theme |
| 2 | **connect** | participle |  | things *not said here* |  |  |  | with the Arabic language  Arabs and Arabs's culture | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V PP.patient»: agent=Patient with language=Co-Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Arabic numerals are the usual number signs 0 to 9.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:arabic:m3:1
# text = Arabic numerals are the usual number signs 0 to 9.
1	Arabic	arabic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	numerals	numeral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	usual	usual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	signs	sign	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
8	0	0	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	flat	_	_
9	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	9	9	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Arabic numerals | the usual number signs |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Arabic is written from right to left.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:arabic:x1:1
# text = Arabic is written from right to left.
1	Arabic	Arabic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	right	right	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	to	to	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | present · passive |  | Arabic |  | right |  |  | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP PP.material»: subject=Result from right=Material |
| 2 | **leave** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My friend Layla speaks Arabic and English.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:arabic:x2:1
# text = My friend Layla speaks Arabic and English.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	Layla	Layla	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
4	speaks	speak	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	Arabic	Arabic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present | My friend | Arabic and English |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We use Arabic numerals like 7 and 9, not Roman ones like VII.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:arabic:x3:1
# text = We use Arabic numerals like 7 and 9, not Roman ones like VII.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	use	use	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Arabic	Arabic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	numerals	numeral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	7	7	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	9	9	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	12	advmod	_	_
11	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	ones	one	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
13	like	like	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	VII	VII	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | We | Arabic numerals and Roman ones like VII |  |  |  | like 7 | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent numeral=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Arabic alphabet has 28 letters.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:arabic:x4:1
# text = The Arabic alphabet has 28 letters.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Arabic	Arabic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	alphabet	alphabet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	28	28	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the Arabic alphabet | 28 letters |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent letter=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Arabic is spoken in Egypt, Morocco and many other countries.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:arabic:x5:1
# text = Arabic is spoken in Egypt, Morocco and many other countries.
1	Arabic	Arabic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Egypt	Egypt	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	Morocco	Morocco	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
10	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present · passive |  | Arabic |  | Egypt and Morocco and many other countries |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The mosque has beautiful Arabic writing on the wall.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:arabic:x6:1
# text = The mosque has beautiful Arabic writing on the wall.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	mosque	mosque	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	beautiful	beautiful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	Arabic	arabic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	writing	writing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the mosque | beautiful Arabic writing |  | the wall |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent writing=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Reassured by the nature of their occupation, I advanced towards them and they greeted me in Arabic, asking who I was and whence I came.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:arabic:x7:1
# text = Reassured by the nature of their occupation, I advanced towards them and they greeted me in Arabic, asking who I was and whence I came.
1	Reassured	reassure	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	advcl	_	_
2	by	by	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	nature	nature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	occupation	occupation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
9	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	advanced	advance	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	obl	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	greeted	greet	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
16	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	15	obj	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	Arabic	Arabic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	asking	ask	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	15	advcl	_	_
21	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	20	obj	_	_
22	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
23	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	cop	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
25	whence	whence	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	27	advmod	_	_
26	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj	_	_
27	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reassure** | participle | I *not said here* |  |  |  |  | by the nature of their occupation | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **advance** | past | I |  |  |  |  | towards them *= they* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme towards they=Initial\_Location |
| 3 | **greet** *speech: greet* | past | they |  | me | Arabic |  |  | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Theme |
| 4 | **ask** *speech: ask* | gerund | they *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **is a** | past | I |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **come** | past | I |  |  |  |  | whence *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 7 | **occupy** |  | their *= they* |  |  |  |  |  | nom occupation «act transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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