---
title: archaeology — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «archaeology» in the school dictionary: The study of the human past by digging up and examining old things people left behind, such as tools, bones, pots, coins and buildings. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# archaeology

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** study, Archaeology, Vikings, Archaeologists, We, us · **What happens:** dig up, examine, leave behind, study, tell, live · **To what, where:** old things, people, human past, us, Roman coins, car park · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«archaeology» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [archaeology in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/archaeology.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The study of the human past by digging up and examining old things people left behind, such as tools, bones, pots, coins and buildings.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:archaeology:m1:1
# text = The study of the human past by digging up and examining old things people left behind, such as tools, bones, pots, coins and buildings.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	study	study	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	human	human	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	past	past	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
8	digging	dig	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
9	up	up	ADP	RP	_	8	compound:prt	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	examining	examine	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	conj	_	_
12	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
14	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	appos	_	_
15	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	acl	_	_
16	behind	behind	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	20	case	_	_
19	as	as	ADP	IN	_	18	fixed	_	_
20	tools	tool	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
22	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
24	pots	pot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
26	coins	coin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
28	buildings	building	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dig up** | gerund | the study of the human past *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **examine** | gerund | the study of the human past *not said here* | old things |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thing=Theme |
| 3 | **leave behind** | participle |  | people and tools and bones and pots and coins and buildings *not said here* |  |  |  | behind *property* | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **study** |  |  | the human past |  |  |  |  | nom study «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Archaeology tells us how Vikings lived.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:archaeology:x1:1
# text = Archaeology tells us how Vikings lived.
1	Archaeology	archaeology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	tells	tell	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	iobj	_	_
4	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	Vikings	Viking	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present | Archaeology |  | us |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP what S»: agent=Agent we=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **live** | past | Vikings |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Archaeologists found Roman coins under the car park.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:archaeology:x2:1
# text = Archaeologists found Roman coins under the car park.
1	Archaeologists	archaeologist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	coins	coin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	under	under	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	park	park	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | Archaeologists | Roman coins |  | the car park |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent coin=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We did an archaeology dig in the school sandpit.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:archaeology:x3:1
# text = We did an archaeology dig in the school sandpit.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	archaeology	archaeology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	dig	dig	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	sandpit	sandpit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | past | We | a archaeology dig |  | the school sandpit |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dig=Eventuality |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Archaeology helps us learn about people who never wrote anything down.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:archaeology:x4:1
# text = Archaeology helps us learn about people who never wrote anything down.
1	Archaeology	archaeology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	learn	learn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	about	about	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
7	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
8	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
10	anything	anything	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	9	obj	_	_
11	down	down	ADP	RP	_	9	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Archaeology | us |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent we=Beneficiary clause=Theme |
| 2 | **learn** | infinitive | us *not said here* |  |  |  |  | about people | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about people=Topic |
| 3 | **not** **write down** | past | people | anything |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent anything=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The deeper layers in an archaeology dig are usually older.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:archaeology:x5:1
# text = The deeper layers in an archaeology dig are usually older.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	deeper	deep	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	amod	_	_
3	layers	layer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	archaeology	archaeology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	dig	dig	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	older	old	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the deeper layers in a archaeology dig |  |  |  |  | old, usually *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dinosaur bones are studied by palaeontologists, not by archaeology.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:archaeology:x6:1
# text = Dinosaur bones are studied by palaeontologists, not by archaeology.
1	Dinosaur	dinosaur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	studied	study	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	palaeontologists	palaeontologist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	10	advmod	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	archaeology	archaeology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | present · passive | palaeontologists | Dinosaur bones |  |  |  | by archaeology | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He has endeavoured in his illustrations to retain as much as possible of Celtic ornamentation; for all details of Celtic archaeology he has authority.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:archaeology:x7:1
# text = He has endeavoured in his illustrations to retain as much as possible of Celtic ornamentation; for all details of Celtic archaeology he has authority.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	endeavoured	endeavour	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	illustrations	illustration	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	retain	retain	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
9	as	as	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	obj	_	_
11	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
12	possible	possible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	advcl	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	Celtic	celtic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	ornamentation	ornamentation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	19	punct	_	_
17	for	for	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	19	det	_	_
19	details	detail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	Celtic	celtic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	archaeology	archaeology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	_
23	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
24	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	acl:relcl	_	_
25	authority	authority	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **endeavour** | present · perfect | He |  |  | his illustrations |  | for all details of Celtic archaeology | tree rules |
| 2 | **retain** | to-infinitive | He *not said here* | much |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **have** | present | he | authority |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent authority=Patient |
| 4 | **illustrate** |  | his *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom illustration «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
| 5 | **detail** |  |  | Celtic archaeology |  |  |  |  | nom detail «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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