---
title: arduous — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «arduous» in the school dictionary: Arduous means very hard and tiring, needing a lot of effort for a long time. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# arduous

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Arduous, explorers, Climbing, Building, farmer, trek · **What happens:** mean, need, make, climb, be, build · **To what, where:** lot, arduous journey, ice, mountain, railway, arduous work · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«arduous» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [arduous in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/arduous.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Arduous means very hard and tiring, needing a lot of effort for a long time.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:arduous:m1:1
# text = Arduous means very hard and tiring, needing a lot of effort for a long time.
1	Arduous	arduous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	very	very	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	tiring	tiring	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	needing	need	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	conj	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	effort	effort	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
13	for	for	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Arduous |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **need** | gerund | Arduous *not said here* | a lot of effort |  |  | time |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot lot=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The explorers made an arduous journey across the ice.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:arduous:x1:1
# text = The explorers made an arduous journey across the ice.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	explorers	explorer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	arduous	arduous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	journey	journey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	across	across	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the explorers | a arduous journey |  | the ice |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset journey=Product |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Climbing the mountain was long and arduous.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:arduous:x2:1
# text = Climbing the mountain was long and arduous.
1	Climbing	climb	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	csubj	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	arduous	arduous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **climb** | gerund |  | the mountain |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial\_Location mountain=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | past | Climbing |  |  |  |  | long *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** |  | Climbing *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Building the railway was arduous work.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:arduous:x3:1
# text = Building the railway was arduous work.
1	Building	build	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	csubj	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	railway	railway	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	arduous	arduous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | gerund |  | the railway |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset railway=Product |
| 2 | **is a** | past | Building | arduous work |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
After an arduous day, the farmer fell asleep at once.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:arduous:x4:1
# text = After an arduous day, the farmer fell asleep at once.
1	After	after	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	arduous	arduous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	farmer	farmer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	asleep	asleep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	xcomp	_	_
10	at	at	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | past | the farmer |  |  |  | day | asleep *property* | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme at once=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The pioneers' trek west was arduous and dangerous.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:arduous:x5:1
# text = The pioneers' trek west was arduous and dangerous.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	pioneers	pioneer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	'	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	trek	trek	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
5	west	west	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	arduous	arduous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the pioneers's trek |  |  |  |  | arduous, west *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | the pioneers's trek *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Learning a new instrument can be arduous at first.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:arduous:x6:1
# text = Learning a new instrument can be arduous at first.
1	Learning	learn	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	csubj	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	instrument	instrument	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
6	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	cop	_	_
7	arduous	arduous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | gerund |  | a new instrument |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent instrument=Topic |
| 2 | **is** | can | Learning |  |  |  |  | arduous *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
So the wife was very anxious while she helped her husband get ready for the long journey, knowing what an arduous task lay before him.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:arduous:x7:1
# text = So the wife was very anxious while she helped her husband get ready for the long journey, knowing what an arduous task lay before him.
1	So	so	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	wife	wife	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	very	very	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	anxious	anxious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
7	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
8	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	helped	help	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	advcl	_	_
10	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	husband	husband	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
12	get	get	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
13	ready	ready	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	xcomp	_	_
14	for	for	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	journey	journey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	knowing	know	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	advcl	_	_
20	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	24	obj	_	_
21	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	arduous	arduous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	task	task	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nsubj	_	_
24	lay	lie	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	ccomp	_	_
25	before	before	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the wife |  |  |  |  | anxious *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **help** | past | wife |  | wife's husband |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent husband=Beneficiary |
| 3 | **get** | present |  |  |  |  |  | ready *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **know** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 5 | **lie** | past | a arduous task |  |  |  | before husband |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location what=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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