---
title: asphalt — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «asphalt» in the school dictionary: Asphalt is a black sticky material mixed with stones and used to make road surfaces and playgrounds. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# asphalt

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Asphalt, I, Workers · **What happens:** be, mix, use, make, mean, cover · **To what, where:** black sticky material, road surfaces, road, new road, knee, asphalt · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«asphalt» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 5 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [asphalt in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/asphalt.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Asphalt is a black sticky material mixed with stones and used to make road surfaces and playgrounds.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:asphalt:m1:1
# text = Asphalt is a black sticky material mixed with stones and used to make road surfaces and playgrounds.
1	Asphalt	asphalt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	sticky	sticky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	material	material	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	mixed	mix	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	conj	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	advcl	_	_
14	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	surfaces	surface	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	playgrounds	playground	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Asphalt | a black sticky material |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mix** | participle |  | a black sticky material *not said here* |  |  |  | with stones | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V PP.co-patient»: agent=Patient with stone=Co-Patient |
| 3 | **use** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | road surfaces and playgrounds |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset surface=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To asphalt means to cover a road or area with asphalt.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:asphalt:m2:1
# text = To asphalt means to cover a road or area with asphalt.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	asphalt	asphalt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	cover	cover	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	area	area	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	asphalt	asphalt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | asphalt |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **cover** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | a road or area |  |  |  | with asphalt | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent road=Destination with asphalt=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The new road was covered with fresh asphalt.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:asphalt:x1:1
# text = The new road was covered with fresh asphalt.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	fresh	fresh	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	asphalt	asphalt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | past · passive |  | the new road |  |  |  | with fresh asphalt | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with asphalt=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The asphalt felt hot under our bare feet.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:asphalt:x2:1
# text = The asphalt felt hot under our bare feet.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	asphalt	asphalt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	felt	feel	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	under	under	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
7	bare	bare	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feel** | past | the asphalt |  |  |  |  | hot *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I fell over and scraped my knee on the asphalt.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:asphalt:x3:1
# text = I fell over and scraped my knee on the asphalt.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	over	over	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	scraped	scrape	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
6	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	knee	knee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	asphalt	asphalt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall over** | past | I |  |  |  |  | over *property* | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **scrape** | past | I *not said here* | my knee |  | the asphalt |  |  | vn funnel-9.3-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent knee=Theme on asphalt=Trajectory |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Workers asphalted the school car park.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:asphalt:x4:1
# text = Workers asphalted the school car park.
1	Workers	worker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	asphalted	asphalt	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	park	park	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **asphalt** | past | Workers | the car park |  |  |  |  | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent park=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Asphalt smells strong when it is being laid.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:asphalt:x5:1
# text = Asphalt smells strong when it is being laid.
1	Asphalt	asphalt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	smells	smell	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	8	mark	_	_
5	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
7	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	laid	lay	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smell** | present | Asphalt |  |  |  |  | strong *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **lay** | present · passive |  | Asphalt |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: subject=Result |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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