---
title: assume — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «assume» in the school dictionary: To assume is to think something is true without checking or having proof. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# assume

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** something, She, cat, I, you, bag · **What happens:** assume, be, check, have, take, finish · **To what, where:** proof, job, role, look, sleepy pose, voice · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«assume» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [assume in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/assume.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To assume is to think something is true without checking or having proof.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:assume:m1:1
# text = To assume is to think something is true without checking or having proof.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	assume	assume	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	think	think	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	8	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	ccomp	_	_
9	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	checking	check	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	having	have	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	conj	_	_
13	proof	proof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **assume** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **be** *speech: other* | present |  |  |  |  |  | think *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | present | something |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **check** | gerund | something *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **have** | gerund | something *not said here* | proof |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent proof=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To assume a job or responsibility is to take it on: «She assumed the role of captain.».

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:assume:m2:1
# text = To assume a job or responsibility is to take it on: «She assumed the role of captain.».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	assume	assume	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	advcl	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	responsibility	responsibility	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	RP	_	9	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	assumed	assume	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	parataxis	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	role	role	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	captain	captain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **assume** | to-infinitive |  | a job or responsibility |  |  |  |  | vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent job=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | take *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **assume** *in a quote* | past | She | the role of captain |  |  |  |  | vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent role=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To assume a look, shape or position is to take it: «The cat assumed a sleepy pose.».

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:assume:m3:1
# text = To assume a look, shape or position is to take it: «The cat assumed a sleepy pose.».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	assume	assume	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	advcl	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	look	look	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	shape	shape	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	position	position	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
14	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	cat	cat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
17	assumed	assume	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	parataxis	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	sleepy	sleepy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	pose	pose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **assume** | to-infinitive |  | a look and shape or position |  |  |  |  | vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent look=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | take *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **assume** *in a quote* | past | the cat | a sleepy pose |  |  |  |  | vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pose=Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To take on a voice or manner as a disguise or pretence.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:assume:m4:1
# text = To take on a voice or manner as a disguise or pretence.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	manner	manner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	as	as	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	disguise	disguise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	pretence	pretence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | a voice or manner |  | as a disguise or pretence | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent on voice=Destination |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I assume you have finished your homework.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:assume:x1:1
# text = I assume you have finished your homework.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	assume	assume	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
4	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	finished	finish	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	ccomp	_	_
6	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	homework	homework	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **assume** | present | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **finish** | present · perfect | you | your homework |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Affector homework=Eventuality |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't assume she's angry — ask her.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:assume:x2:1
# text = Don't assume she's angry — ask her.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	assume	assume	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	angry	angry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	ccomp	_	_
7	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
8	ask	ask	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
9	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	iobj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **assume** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | she |  |  |  |  | angry *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **ask** *speech: ask* | infinitive | you *not said here* |  | her *= she* |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent she=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Assume each bag holds the same number of apples.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:assume:x3:1
# text = Assume each bag holds the same number of apples.
1	Assume	assume	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	3	det	_	_
3	bag	bag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	holds	hold	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	ccomp	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	apples	apple	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **assume** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **hold** | present | each bag | the same number of apples |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent number=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Assuming it doesn't rain, we'll have a picnic.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:assume:x4:1
# text = Assuming it doesn't rain, we'll have a picnic.
1	Assuming	assume	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	csubj	_	_
2	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	1	obj	_	_
3	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	'll	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	acl:relcl	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	picnic	picnic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **assume** | gerund |  | it |  |  |  |  | vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
| 2 | **have** | future | we | a picnic |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent picnic=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He assumed the bus would wait, but it left.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:assume:x5:1
# text = He assumed the bus would wait, but it left.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	assumed	assume	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	bus	bus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	wait	wait	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **assume** | past | He |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **wait** | would | the bus |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **leave** | past | bus |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The vice captain assumed control when the captain was ill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:assume:x6:1
# text = The vice captain assumed control when the captain was ill.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	vice	vice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	captain	captain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	assumed	assume	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	control	control	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	10	mark	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	captain	captain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	ill	ill	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **assume** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | past | the captain |  |  |  |  | ill *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The caterpillar assumed a new shape inside its cocoon.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:assume:x7:1
# text = The caterpillar assumed a new shape inside its cocoon.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	caterpillar	caterpillar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	assumed	assume	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	shape	shape	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	cocoon	cocoon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **assume** | past | the caterpillar | a new shape |  | caterpillar's cocoon |  |  | vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shape=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never assume a dog is friendly; ask the owner first.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:assume:x8:1
# text = Never assume a dog is friendly; ask the owner first.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	assume	assume	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	friendly	friendly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
8	ask	ask	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	owner	owner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **assume** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | a dog |  |  |  |  | friendly *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **ask** *speech: ask* | infinitive | you *not said here* | the owner |  |  |  | first *property* | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent owner=Recipient |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Assuming the Prince’s voice, she whispered in Potentilla’s ear:

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:assume:x9:1
# text = Assuming the Prince’s voice, she whispered in Potentilla’s ear:
1	Assuming	assume	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Prince	Prince	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	’s	's	PART	POS	_	3	case	_	_
5	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
7	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	whispered	whisper	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	Potentilla	Potentilla	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	’s	's	PART	POS	_	10	case	_	_
12	ear	ear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **assume** | gerund | she *not said here* | the Prince's voice |  |  |  |  | vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent voice=Theme |
| 2 | **whisper** *speech: assert* | past | she |  |  | Potentilla's ear |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in ear=Location |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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