---
title: asthma — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «asthma» in the school dictionary: An illness that makes the small air tubes in the lungs become narrow, so that breathing is hard and a person may cough, wheeze and feel a tight chest. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# asthma

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** illness, lungs, breathing, person, friend, Cold air · **What happens:** make, become, be, cough, wheeze, feel · **To what, where:** small air tubes, tight chest, asthma, inhaler, teacher, puffer · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«asthma» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [asthma in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/asthma.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An illness that makes the small air tubes in the lungs become narrow, so that breathing is hard and a person may cough, wheeze and feel a tight chest.

<!-- fold The tree, 29 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:asthma:m1:1
# text = An illness that makes the small air tubes in the lungs become narrow, so that breathing is hard and a person may cough, wheeze and feel a tight chest.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	illness	illness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	tubes	tube	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	lungs	lung	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
12	become	become	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
13	narrow	narrow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
15	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	19	mark	_	_
16	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	15	fixed	_	_
17	breathing	breathing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	_
18	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	cop	_	_
19	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	parataxis	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nsubj	_	_
23	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	24	aux	_	_
24	cough	cough	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
26	wheeze	wheeze	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	24	conj	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
28	feel	feel	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	24	conj	_	_
29	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
30	tight	tight	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	amod	_	_
31	chest	chest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | a illness | the small air tubes |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset tube=Product |
| 2 | **become** | present | the lungs | the small air tubes *not said here* |  |  |  | narrow *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Patient tube=Result |
| 3 | **is** | present | breathing |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **cough** | may | a person |  |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **wheeze** | infinitive | a person *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn animal\_sounds-38 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **feel** | infinitive | a person *not said here* | a tight chest |  |  |  |  | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chest=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My friend has asthma and carries an inhaler.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:asthma:x1:1
# text = My friend has asthma and carries an inhaler.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	asthma	asthma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	carries	carry	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	inhaler	inhaler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | My friend | asthma |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent asthma=Patient |
| 2 | **carry** | present | My friend *not said here* | a inhaler |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent inhaler=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cold air can bring on her asthma.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:asthma:x2:1
# text = Cold air can bring on her asthma.
1	Cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	bring	bring	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	asthma	asthma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bring** | can | Cold air |  |  | air's asthma |  |  | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent on asthma=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
During an asthma attack it is hard to breathe.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:asthma:x3:1
# text = During an asthma attack it is hard to breathe.
1	During	during	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	asthma	asthma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	attack	attack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
5	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	expl	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	breathe	breathe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  | during a asthma attack | hard *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **breathe** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tell a teacher at once if someone cannot breathe.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:asthma:x4:1
# text = Tell a teacher at once if someone cannot breathe.
1	Tell	tell	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	1	obl	_	_
6	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
7	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	10	nsubj	_	_
8	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	10	advmod	_	_
10	breathe	breathe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | imperative | you *not said here* |  | a teacher |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent teacher=Recipient |
| 2 | **not** **breathe** *a condition, not said to happen* | can | someone |  |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He uses his puffer before running.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:asthma:x5:1
# text = He uses his puffer before running.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	uses	use	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	puffer	puffer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	running	run	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | He | his puffer |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent puffer=Patient |
| 2 | **run** | gerund | He *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Smoke is bad for people with asthma.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:asthma:x6:1
# text = Smoke is bad for people with asthma.
1	Smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	asthma	asthma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Smoke |  |  |  |  | for people with asthma; bad *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I forgot to tell you that the Shark was suffering from asthma, so that whenever he breathed a storm seemed to blow.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:asthma:x7:1
# text = I forgot to tell you that the Shark was suffering from asthma, so that whenever he breathed a storm seemed to blow.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	forgot	forget	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	tell	tell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	iobj	_	_
6	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	Shark	Shark	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	suffering	suffer	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	asthma	asthma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
14	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	18	mark	_	_
15	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	14	fixed	_	_
16	whenever	whenever	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	18	advmod	_	_
17	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
18	breathed	breathe	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	storm	storm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
21	seemed	seem	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	ccomp	_	_
22	to	to	PART	TO	_	23	mark	_	_
23	blow	blow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **forget** | past | I |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **tell** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive | I *not said here* |  | you |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent you=Recipient |
| 3 | **suffer** | past · progressive | the Shark |  |  | asthma |  |  | vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **breathe** | past | Shark |  |  |  |  | whenever *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **seem** | past | a storm |  |  |  |  |  | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Theme clause=Attribute |
| 6 | **blow** | to-infinitive | a storm *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn split-23.2 «NP V apart»: agent=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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