---
title: attest — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «attest» in the school dictionary: To show or prove that something is true. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# attest

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** something, witness, trophies, I, she, full shelf · **What happens:** show, prove, be, state, sign, attest · **To what, where:** writing, document, clear evidence, signature, fox · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«attest» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [attest in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/attest.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To show or prove that something is true.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:attest:m1:1
# text = To show or prove that something is true.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	show	show	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	prove	prove	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
5	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	8	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **prove** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | present | something |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal, law — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To state officially, often in writing, that something is true, like a witness signing a document.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:attest:m2:1
# text = To state officially, often in writing, that something is true, like a witness signing a document.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	state	state	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	csubj	_	_
3	officially	officially	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	often	often	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	writing	writing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
10	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	12	nsubj	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
12	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	like	like	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	witness	witness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	parataxis	_	_
17	signing	sign	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	16	acl	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	document	document	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **state** *speech: other* | to-infinitive |  |  |  | writing |  | officially *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | something |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **sign** | gerund | a witness *not said here* | a document |  |  |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent document=Destination |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To be clear evidence of something ("The trophies attest to her skill").

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:attest:m3:1
# text = To be clear evidence of something ("The trophies attest to her skill").
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
2	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	cop	_	_
3	clear	clear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	nmod	_	_
7	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	trophies	trophy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
11	attest	attest	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
12	to	to	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	skill	skill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | to-infinitive |  | clear evidence |  |  |  | of something | tree rules |
| 2 | **attest** *in a quote* | present | the trophies |  |  |  |  | to her skill | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I can attest that she worked very hard.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:attest:x1:1
# text = I can attest that she worked very hard.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	attest	attest	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
5	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	worked	work	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
7	very	very	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **attest** | can | I |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **work** | past | she |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The full shelf of trophies attests to her skill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:attest:x2:1
# text = The full shelf of trophies attests to her skill.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	shelf	shelf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	trophies	trophy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
6	attests	attest	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	skill	skill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **attest** | present | the full shelf of trophies |  |  |  |  | to her skill | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Two witnesses attested the signature on the will.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:attest:x3:1
# text = Two witnesses attested the signature on the will.
1	Two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	witnesses	witness	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	attested	attest	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	signature	signature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **attest** | past | Two witnesses | the signature |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Old maps attest to a village here long ago.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:attest:x4:1
# text = Old maps attest to a village here long ago.
1	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	maps	map	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	attest	attest	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	village	village	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	_
8	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	9	advmod	_	_
9	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **attest** | present | Old maps |  |  | here |  | to a village; ago *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many parents can attest to the teacher's kindness.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:attest:x5:1
# text = Many parents can attest to the teacher's kindness.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	parents	parent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	attest	attest	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	's	's	PART	POS	_	7	case	_	_
9	kindness	kindness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **attest** | can | Many parents |  |  |  |  | to the teacher's kindness | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The doctor attested that he was too ill to travel.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:attest:x6:1
# text = The doctor attested that he was too ill to travel.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	attested	attest	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	too	too	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	ill	ill	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	advcl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	travel	travel	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **attest** | past | the doctor |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | past | doctor |  |  |  |  | ill *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **travel** | to-infinitive | doctor *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Footprints in the mud attest that a fox passed by.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:attest:x7:1
# text = Footprints in the mud attest that a fox passed by.
1	Footprints	footprint	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	mud	mud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
5	attest	attest	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	fox	fox	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
9	passed	pass	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **attest** | present | Footprints in the mud | a fox |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **pass by** | participle |  | a fox *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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