---
title: auld — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «auld» in the school dictionary: Old. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# auld

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Scottish song, Robert Burns, We, auld granny, Hamish, auld castle · **What happens:** mean, sing, live, say, write, stand · **To what, where:** Auld, Aberdeen, Scots words, hill, Edinburgh, castle · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«auld» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [auld in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/auld.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: Scottish, dialect — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Old.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:auld:m1:1
# text = Old.
1	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In «Auld Lang Syne»: a Scottish song by Robert Burns, meaning «old long since», days long ago.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:auld:m2:1
# text = In «Auld Lang Syne»: a Scottish song by Robert Burns, meaning «old long since», days long ago.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
2	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	Auld	Auld	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
4	Lang	Lang	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	Syne	Syne	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	Scottish	Scottish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	song	song	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nsubj	_	_
11	by	by	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	Robert	Robert	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	Burns	Burn	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	meaning	mean	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	acl	_	_
16	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	ccomp	_	_
18	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	17	advmod	_	_
19	since	since	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
22	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	obl:unmarked	_	_
23	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	24	advmod	_	_
24	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	24	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | gerund | a Scottish song by Robert Burns *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **sing** |  | Robert Burns |  |  |  |  |  | nom song «communication intransitive»: by=agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We sang «Auld Lang Syne» at midnight.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:auld:x1:1
# text = We sang «Auld Lang Syne» at midnight.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sang	sing	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	Auld	Auld	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	Lang	Lang	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	flat	_	_
6	Syne	Syne	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	midnight	midnight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sing** *speech: express* | past | We | Auld |  |  | midnight |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location auld=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«My auld granny lives in Aberdeen,» said Hamish.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:auld:x2:1
# text = «My auld granny lives in Aberdeen,» said Hamish.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
3	auld	auld	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	granny	granny	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	lives	live	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	ccomp	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Aberdeen	Aberdeen	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
10	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	Hamish	Hamish	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** *in a quote* | present | My auld granny |  |  | Aberdeen |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in aberdeen=Location |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Hamish |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Robert Burns wrote in Scots words like «auld».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:auld:x3:1
# text = Robert Burns wrote in Scots words like «auld».
1	Robert	Robert	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	Burns	Burn	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	Scots	Scot	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	6	compound	_	_
6	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	auld	auld	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | past | Robert Burns |  |  | Scots words like auld |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in word=Destination |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The auld castle stood on the hill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:auld:x4:1
# text = The auld castle stood on the hill.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	auld	auld	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	stood	stand	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | past | the auld castle |  |  | the hill |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on hill=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Edinburgh is called Auld Reekie.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:auld:x5:1
# text = Edinburgh is called Auld Reekie.
1	Edinburgh	Edinburgh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	Auld	Auld	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	xcomp	_	_
5	Reekie	Reekie	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present · passive |  | Edinburgh |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Should auld acquaintance be forgot?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:auld:x6:1
# text = Should auld acquaintance be forgot?
1	Should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
2	auld	auld	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	acquaintance	acquaintance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	cop	_	_
5	forgot	forget	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | should | auld acquaintance |  |  |  |  | forget *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And he gaed into the castle for shelter, and there he saw an auld wife sitting beside the kitchen fire.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:auld:x7:1
# text = And he gaed into the castle for shelter, and there he saw an auld wife sitting beside the kitchen fire.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gaed	ga	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	shelter	shelter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	13	expl	_	_
12	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
14	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	auld	auld	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	wife	wife	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
17	sitting	sit	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	16	acl	_	_
18	beside	beside	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	kitchen	kitchen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	compound	_	_
21	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ga** | past | he |  |  | the castle |  | for shelter | tree rules |
| 2 | **see** | past | he | a auld wife |  | there |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer wife=Stimulus |
| 3 | **sit** | gerund | a auld wife *not said here* |  |  | the kitchen fire |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent beside fire=Location |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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