---
title: aurochs — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «aurochs» in the school dictionary: A huge wild ox with long horns that lived in Europe, Asia and North Africa and became extinct in 1627; it is the ancestor of today's cattle. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# aurochs

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** long horns, it, last aurochs, Cave paintings, Aurochs, farm cattle · **What happens:** live, become, be, die, show, come · **To what, where:** Europe, ancestor, aurochs, cattle

<!-- .vabout -->
«aurochs» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [aurochs in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/aurochs.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A huge wild ox with long horns that lived in Europe, Asia and North Africa and became extinct in 1627; it is the ancestor of today's cattle.

<!-- fold The tree, 28 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:aurochs:m1:1
# text = A huge wild ox with long horns that lived in Europe, Asia and North Africa and became extinct in 1627; it is the ancestor of today's cattle.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	ox	ox	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	horns	horn	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	Asia	Asia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	North	North	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	Africa	Africa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
19	extinct	extinct	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	xcomp	_	_
20	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	1627	1627	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	26	punct	_	_
23	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	nsubj	_	_
24	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	26	cop	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	ancestor	ancestor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
27	of	of	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
28	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	's	's	PART	POS	_	28	case	_	_
30	cattle	cattle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | long horns |  |  | Europe and Asia and North Africa |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in europe=Location |
| 2 | **become** | past | long horns *not said here* |  |  |  |  | extinct *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **is a** | present | it | the ancestor |  |  |  | of today's cattle | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The last aurochs died in Poland in 1627.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:aurochs:x1:1
# text = The last aurochs died in Poland in 1627.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	aurochs	auroch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	died	die	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Poland	Poland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	1627	1627	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **die** | past | the last aurochs |  |  |  |  | in 1627; in Poland | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.patient V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient in poland=Attribute |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cave paintings show aurochs with long horns.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:aurochs:x2:1
# text = Cave paintings show aurochs with long horns.
1	Cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	paintings	painting	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	show	show	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	aurochs	auroch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	horns	horn	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | Cave paintings | aurochs |  |  |  | with long horns | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent auroch=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Aurochs were much bigger than cows today.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:aurochs:x3:1
# text = Aurochs were much bigger than cows today.
1	Aurochs	auroch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	much	much	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	bigger	big	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
5	than	than	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	cows	cow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
7	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Aurochs |  |  |  | today | than cows; big *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our farm cattle came from the aurochs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:aurochs:x4:1
# text = Our farm cattle came from the aurochs.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	farm	farm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	cattle	cattle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	aurochs	auroch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | Our farm cattle |  |  | the aurochs |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from auroch=Initial\_Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Julius Caesar wrote about the wild aurochs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:aurochs:x5:1
# text = Julius Caesar wrote about the wild aurochs.
1	Julius	Julius	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Caesar	Caesar	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	about	about	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	aurochs	auroch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | past | Julius |  |  |  |  | about the wild aurochs | vn lecture-37.11-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about auroch=Topic |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists are breeding cattle to look like aurochs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:aurochs:x6:1
# text = Scientists are breeding cattle to look like aurochs.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	breeding	breed	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	cattle	cattle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	look	look	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	aurochs	auroch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **breed** | present · progressive | Scientists | cattle |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **look** | to-infinitive | Scientists *not said here* |  |  |  |  | like aurochs | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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