---
title: austerity — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «austerity» in the school dictionary: A time when a government cuts spending sharply and people have less money and fewer services. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# austerity

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** people, plain simple way, someone, government, library, monks · **What happens:** spend, have, live, look, act, announce · **To what, where:** less money, austerity measures, money, life, cold austerity, children

<!-- .vabout -->
«austerity» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [austerity in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/austerity.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A time when a government cuts spending sharply and people have less money and fewer services.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:austerity:m1:1
# text = A time when a government cuts spending sharply and people have less money and fewer services.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl:unmarked	_	_
3	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	6	mark	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	cuts	cut	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	spending	spend	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
8	sharply	sharply	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
11	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
12	less	less	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	13	amod	_	_
13	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	fewer	few	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	16	amod	_	_
16	services	service	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spend** | present |  |  |  |  | time | sharply *property* | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **have** | present | people | less money and fewer services |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A plain, simple way of living without comforts or luxury: the austerity of a monk's life.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:austerity:m2:1
# text = A plain, simple way of living without comforts or luxury: the austerity of a monk's life.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	plain	plain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	simple	simple	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	living	live	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
8	without	without	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	comforts	comfort	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	luxury	luxury	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	austerity	austerity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	monk	monk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	's	's	PART	POS	_	17	case	_	_
19	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | gerund | a plain simple way and the austerity of a monk's life *not said here* |  |  |  |  | without comforts or luxury | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Strictness or seriousness in how someone looks or acts.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:austerity:m3:1
# text = Strictness or seriousness in how someone looks or acts.
1	Strictness	strictness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	seriousness	seriousness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
4	in	in	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
5	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
6	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	nsubj	_	_
7	looks	look	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	acts	act	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | present | someone |  |  |  |  |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **act** | present | someone *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The government announced austerity measures to save money.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:austerity:x1:1
# text = The government announced austerity measures to save money.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	announced	announce	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	austerity	austerity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	measures	measure	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	save	save	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
8	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **announce** *speech: other* | past | the government | austerity measures |  |  |  |  | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent measure=Theme |
| 2 | **save** | to-infinitive | the government *not said here* | money |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
During the years of austerity, the library opened only three days a week.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:austerity:x2:1
# text = During the years of austerity, the library opened only three days a week.
1	During	during	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	austerity	austerity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	library	library	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	opened	open	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	only	only	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
12	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **open** | past | the library |  |  |  | day; year |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
After the war people lived with austerity and rationing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:austerity:x3:1
# text = After the war people lived with austerity and rationing.
1	After	after	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	war	war	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
4	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	austerity	austerity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	rationing	ration	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | people |  |  |  | after the war | with austerity | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme with austerity=Location |
| 2 | **ration** | gerund | people *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The monks lived a life of austerity, with plain food and no luxuries.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:austerity:x4:1
# text = The monks lived a life of austerity, with plain food and no luxuries.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	monks	monk	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	austerity	austerity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	plain	plain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	14	det	_	_
14	luxuries	luxury	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | the monks | a life of austerity |  |  |  | with plain food and no luxuries | vn lodge-46 «NP V ADV»: agent=Theme life=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bare room had a cold austerity.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:austerity:x5:1
# text = The bare room had a cold austerity.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	bare	bare	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	austerity	austerity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the bare room | a cold austerity |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent austerity=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The austerity of her face made the children quiet.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:austerity:x6:1
# text = The austerity of her face made the children quiet.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	austerity	austerity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
9	quiet	quiet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the austerity of austerity's face | the children |  |  |  | quiet *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset child=Product |

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