---
title: authority — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «authority» in the school dictionary: Authority is the power or right to give orders and make decisions. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# authority

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Authority, authorities, expert, local authority, council, head teacher · **What happens:** be, give, make, know, run, have · **To what, where:** power, orders, decisions, people, charge, expert · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«authority» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [authority in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/authority.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Authority is the power or right to give orders and make decisions.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authority:m1:1
# text = Authority is the power or right to give orders and make decisions.
1	Authority	authority	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	orders	order	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
12	decisions	decision	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Authority | the power |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | Authority *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **give** | to-infinitive | Authority *not said here* | orders |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent order=Theme |
| 4 | **make** | present | Authority *not said here* | decisions |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset decision=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"the head teacher has authority over the school".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authority:m1e:1
# text = "the head teacher has authority over the school".
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	authority	authority	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	over	over	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** *in a quote* | present | the head teacher | authority |  | the school |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent authority=Patient |

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The authorities are the people or organisations in charge, such as the police or government.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authority:m2:1
# text = The authorities are the people or organisations in charge, such as the police or government.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	authorities	authority	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	organisations	organisation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	charge	charge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	14	case	_	_
12	as	as	ADP	IN	_	11	fixed	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	police	police	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the authorities | the people or organisations and the police or government |  | charge |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An authority on a subject is an expert who knows a lot about it.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authority:m3:1
# text = An authority on a subject is an expert who knows a lot about it.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	authority	authority	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	subject	subject	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	expert	expert	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	knows	know	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	about	about	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a authority on a subject | a expert |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **know** | present | a expert | a lot |  |  |  | about authority | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer lot=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"she's an authority on birds".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authority:m3e:1
# text = "she's an authority on birds".
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	authority	authority	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | she | a authority |  |  |  | on birds | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A local authority (UK) is the council that runs a town or area.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authority:m4:1
# text = A local authority (UK) is the council that runs a town or area.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	authority	authority	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
4	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	UK	UK	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	5	punct	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	council	council	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	runs	run	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	area	area	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a local authority | the council |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **run** | present | the council | a town or area |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme town=Trajectory |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The police have authority to stop cars.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authority:x1:1
# text = The police have authority to stop cars.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	police	police	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	authority	authority	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	acl	_	_
7	cars	car	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the police | authority |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent authority=Patient |
| 2 | **stop** | to-infinitive | the police *not said here* | cars |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality car=Eventuality |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The authorities closed the road after the flood.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authority:x2:1
# text = The authorities closed the road after the flood.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	authorities	authority	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	closed	close	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	after	after	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	flood	flood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **close** | past | the authorities | the road |  |  | after the flood |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent road=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our teacher has the authority to give detentions.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authority:x3:1
# text = Our teacher has the authority to give detentions.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	authority	authority	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	acl	_	_
8	detentions	detention	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Our teacher | the authority |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent authority=Patient |
| 2 | **give** | to-infinitive | Our teacher *not said here* | detentions |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent detention=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My uncle is an authority on old cars.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authority:x4:1
# text = My uncle is an authority on old cars.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	uncle	uncle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	authority	authority	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	cars	car	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | My uncle | a authority |  | old cars |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She spoke with great authority.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authority:x5:1
# text = She spoke with great authority.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	authority	authority	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | She |  |  |  |  | with great authority | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent with authority=Co-Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I have it on good authority that we have a test tomorrow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authority:x6:1
# text = I have it on good authority that we have a test tomorrow.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	authority	authority	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
8	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
12	tomorrow	tomorrow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | I | it |  | good authority |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient |
| 2 | **have** | present | we | a test |  |  | tomorrow |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent test=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The local authority runs the library.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authority:x7:1
# text = The local authority runs the library.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	authority	authority	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	runs	run	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	library	library	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | present | the local authority | the library |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme library=Trajectory |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Who gave you authority to come this way?" roared he.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authority:x8:1
# text = "Who gave you authority to come this way?" roared he.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	iobj	_	_
5	authority	authority	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	come	come	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
8	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	9	det	_	_
9	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
12	roared	roar	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
13	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** *in a quote* | past |  | authority | you |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent you=Recipient authority=Theme |
| 2 | **come** *in a quote* | to-infinitive |  | this way |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location way=Theme |
| 3 | **roar** | past |  | he |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location he=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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