---
title: authorship — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «authorship» in the school dictionary: The fact of being the person who wrote a book, article, song or other piece of work. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# authorship

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** person, question, authorship, Nobody, two friends, You · **What happens:** be, write, not be, share, not claim, copy · **To what, where:** book, something, authorship, work, name, project · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«authorship» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [authorship in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/authorship.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fact of being the person who wrote a book, article, song or other piece of work.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authorship:m1:1
# text = The fact of being the person who wrote a book, article, song or other piece of work.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fact	fact	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	cop	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	article	article	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	song	song	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	piece	piece	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | of the person | tree rules |
| 2 | **write** | past | the person | a book and song or other piece of work |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent book=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The question of who wrote something, when it is not certain.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authorship:m2:1
# text = The question of who wrote something, when it is not certain.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	question	question	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
4	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
5	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
8	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	12	mark	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
11	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	12	advmod	_	_
12	certain	certain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | past | the question | something |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Theme |
| 2 | **not** **is** | present | question |  |  |  |  | certain *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The authorship of the old poem is unknown.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authorship:x1:1
# text = The authorship of the old poem is unknown.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	authorship	authorship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	poem	poem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	unknown	unknown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the authorship of the old poem |  |  |  |  | unknown *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Nobody is sure about the authorship of some fairy tales.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authorship:x2:1
# text = Nobody is sure about the authorship of some fairy tales.
1	Nobody	nobody	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	sure	sure	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	about	about	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	authorship	authorship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	10	det	_	_
9	fairy	fairy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	tales	tale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Nobody |  |  |  |  | about the authorship of some fairy tales; sure *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The two friends shared authorship of the comic.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authorship:x3:1
# text = The two friends shared authorship of the comic.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
4	shared	share	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	authorship	authorship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	comic	comic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **share** | participle | the two friends *not said here* | authorship of the comic |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You must not claim authorship of work you copied.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authorship:x4:1
# text = You must not claim authorship of work you copied.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	claim	claim	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	authorship	authorship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	copied	copy	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **claim** *speech: other* | must | You | authorship of work |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent authorship=Topic |
| 2 | **copy** | past | you | work *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent work=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Experts argued about the authorship of the letter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authorship:x5:1
# text = Experts argued about the authorship of the letter.
1	Experts	expert	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	argued	argue	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	about	about	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	authorship	authorship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **argue** *speech: disagree* | past | Experts |  |  |  |  | about the authorship of the letter | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V PP.theme S»: agent=Agent about authorship=Topic |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Putting your name on a project shows your authorship.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authorship:x6:1
# text = Putting your name on a project shows your authorship.
1	Putting	put	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	csubj	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	project	project	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
7	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	authorship	authorship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | gerund |  | your name |  | a project |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent name=Theme on project=Destination |
| 2 | **show** | present | Putting | your authorship |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent authorship=Recipient |
| 3 | **name** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Paul Lacroix, in his fine edition of 1886, goes as far as to attribute the entire authorship of the prose tales to Perrault's son.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:authorship:x7:1
# text = Paul Lacroix, in his fine edition of 1886, goes as far as to attribute the entire authorship of the prose tales to Perrault's son.
1	Paul	Paul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
2	Lacroix	Lacroix	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	fine	fine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	edition	edition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	1886	1886	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
11	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	as	as	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	far	far	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	11	advmod	_	_
14	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	attribute	attribute	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	advcl	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	entire	entire	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	authorship	authorship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	prose	prose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
23	tales	tale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nmod	_	_
24	to	to	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
25	Perrault	Perrault	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	's	's	PART	POS	_	25	case	_	_
27	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | present | Paul |  |  |  |  | far *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **attribute** | to-infinitive | Paul *not said here* | the entire authorship of the prose tales to Perrault's son |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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